<p>Franklin Square, or Franklin Park is located in Bloomington, Illinois, McLean County. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Franklin Square contains the homes of former Vice President Adlai Stevenson I and former Governor Joseph W. Fifer. In 1979 the square was designated as a local historic district.</p><br>
<p>Located northeast of downtown Bloomington, the square encompasses the 300 and 400 blocks of E. Chestnut and E. Walnut streets and the 900 block of N. Prairie and N. McLean streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On April 26, 1856, David Davis, William F. Flagg, and William H. Allin donated a 590-by-330-foot parcel of land to the city of Bloomington, asking that the park be “...used as a place of public resort, pastime and recreation, for citizens and strangers forever.” The original agreement called for the city to improve and ornament the park, and prohibited the city from erecting any buildings on the square.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, a monument was erected in the center of Franklin Square to commemorate the 700 McLean County citizens who died in the Civil War. Commissioned to Haldeman Marble Works of Bloomington, Illinois, for $15,000, the monument stood 49 feet high with a Lemont limestone base. An inscription read, “McLean County’s Honored Sons: Fallen—but not Forgotten” with engravings of the names of the 700 soldiers that died in service. The structure featured four statues of soldiers (Infantry, Cavalry, Zouave, and Marine) and a life-size figure of a colonel atop an 18-foot shaft.</p><br>
<p>Over the next few years, the monument began to disintegrate. A committee organized to resolve the situation stated, “Unfortunately, the material of which the monument was constructed has proved to be so perishable that the names of the county’s heroes have been nearly obliterated and the entire monument is in danger of falling.” Former Governor Joseph Fifer lobbied for the city to tear down the monument and build a new one in Miller Park in Bloomington. The lower half of the monument was saved and is currently located in the Bloomington neighborhood of Briarwood.</p><br>
<h2>Houses</h2><br>
<p>The houses of Franklin Square were built in a variety of architectural styles from the mid 19th century through the early 20th century, including Georgian Revival, Italianate, Colonial, Queen Anne, and Richardsonian Romanesque. Because the square was home to many prominent citizens of Bloomington, the neighborhood received visits from notable figures, among them Theodore Roosevelt, Ulysses S. Grant, Clarence Darrow, and Carl Sandburg. Today many Illinois Wesleyan University students reside in the square&#39;s houses, including the Alpha Lamba chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia and the Sigma Alpha chapter of Sigma Alpha Iota.</p><br>
<p>Burr House - This house was built for Luman Burr at 210 E. Chestnut in 1864 by the Hayes & Evans Contracting Company. It was constructed in the Federal style and later remodeled with Queen Anne Style elements; gabled roof, left wing, and back wing were added in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Dodson-Stevenson House - This 1869 home was built at 901 N. McLean St. in the Italianate style for William K. Dodson. The home&#39;s second owner was Adlai E. Stevenson I who became vice president under the administration of Grover Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>Fifer-Bohrer House - This Georgian Revival style home was built in 1895 at 909 N. McLean St. and included Queen Anne style elements. The house was home to former Illinois Governor Joseph W. Fifer and his daughter Florence Fifer Bohrer, who was the first female senator in the Illinois General Assembly.</p><br>
<p>McClure House - Marion Lee McClure, a farmer, landowner, and land speculator commissioned architect George Miller to build a Richardsonian Romanesque style house in 1906 that resembled one he saw in Chicago. The house is known as "The Castle" and features a third-floor ballroom.</p><br>
<p>Lillard House This house at 302 Walnut St. was built in 1882 in the Victorian-era Queen Anne style. The first owner of the home, John T. Lillard, was a prominent attorney in Bloomington, Illinois, and married Sarah Davis, daughter of Judge David Davis.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Zion AME Church is a historic church in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It is located at 201 East Beaver Street. On December 30, 1992, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The "AME" is an abbreviation of African Methodist Episcopal, the religious denomination.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, several dozen Freedmen organized a "Society" for the purpose of religious worship. On July 28, 1866, this group became formally recognized as Mount Zion A.M.E. Church. The church acquired the property at the northeast corner of Beaver and Newnan Streets, and a small frame structure was built for worship services on that site. In 1870 a large wooden church was built, and twenty years later an even larger brick sanctuary, with a seating capacity of nearly 1,500, was built at this location.</p><br>
<p>Within four months after the Great Fire of 1901 destroyed that building, plans for the present church were under way. According to a September, 1901 newspaper report, the Romanesque Revival style structure was estimated to cost $18,000. Architectural details such as arched window and door openings, art-glass windows, a bell tower, contrasting brick quoins, and a crenelated parapet contribute to its handsome design. The building was completed in 1905 and was designed by architects J. B. Carr & Co. of Birmingham and Francis J. Norton of Jacksonville & Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The Phelps Mansion, formerly known as The Monday Afternoon Clubhouse, is a three-story brick and stone mansion located on Court Street in Binghamton, New York. It was built in 1870 as the private home of Sherman D. Phelps. Mr. Phelps was a successful businessman, banker, Republican elector for Abraham Lincoln, and mayor of the City of Binghamton. The building was designed by Isaac G. Perry who later became the chief architect for the New York State Capitol building in Albany, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was purchased in 1905 by the Monday Afternoon Club, a women&#39;s civic organization. The club constructed a large ballroom on the back of the mansion in 1905 and continues to hold its weekly meetings there to this day. In 1986, ownership of the mansion was transferred to The Phelps Mansion Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Phelps Mansion was charted by the New York State Board of Regents as a museum in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Monday Afternoon Club disbanded in 2006 and transferred the ownership of the home and contents to the Phelps Mansion Museum. The Museum remains open and offers a variety of programs and regularly scheduled guided tours.</p><br>
<p>Guided tours of the museum are offered Friday to Saturday 11am to 5pm. Last tour at 4:30pm.</p><br>
<p>Visitors are asked to enter through the ballroom doors located down the driveway side of the mansion (look for the open flag).</p><br>
<p>The Cambria Iron Company of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, was a major producer of iron and steel that operated independently from 1852 to 1916. The company adopted many innovations in the steelmaking process, including those of William Kelly and Henry Bessemer.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1852, the company became the nation&#39;s largest steel foundry within two decades. It was reorganized and renamed the Cambria Steel Company in 1898, purchased by Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company in 1916, and sold to the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The company&#39;s facilities, which extend some 12 mi along the Conemaugh and Little Conemaugh rivers, operated until 1992. Today, they are designated as a National Historic Landmark District. Several works by the firm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The industrial facilities of the Cambria occupied five separate sites in and around Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Its earliest facilities, known as the Lower Works, are located on the east bank of the Conemaugh River, north of downtown Johnstown and the Little Conemaugh River.</p><br>
<p>The Gautier Plant is northeast of downtown Johnstown on the south side of the Little Conemaugh. Further up that river is the extensive Franklin Plant and Wheel Plant, while the Rod and Wire Plant is located on the west side of the Conemaugh River, north of the Lower Works.</p><br>
<p>Each of these facilities represents a different phase of development and growth of the steel industry. The Lower Works no longer has significant traces of the earliest facilities used in steel manufacturing. All five of these areas comprise the National Historic Landmark District designated in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Company history</h2><br>
<p>The Cambria Iron Company was founded in 1852 to provide iron for the construction of railroads. In 1854, the iron works, which had gone out of the blast, were purchased by a group of Philadelphia merchants led by Matthew Newkirk. After a fire destroyed the main rolling mill in 1857, Newkirk persuaded his co-investors to rebuild it on a larger scale.</p><br>
<p>The company grew rapidly and by the 1870s, was a leading producer of steel and an innovator in the advancement of steelmaking technology. It performed early experiments with the Kelly converter, built the first blooming mill, and was one of the first plants to use hydraulics for the movement of ingots. It built one of the first plants to use the Bessemer process for making steel at a large scale. The company&#39;s innovations, methods, and processes were widely influential throughout the steel industry.</p><br>
<p>The company was at its height in the 1870s, under the long-term leadership of general manager Daniel Johnson Morrell, who had overseen the expansion of the works into one of the largest producers of rails in the United States. He helped to end US dependence on British railroad construction imports. A Republican, Morrell also served as a member of the 40th United States Congress and 41st United States Congresses from Pennsylvania, from 1867-1871.</p><br>
<p>Morrell became concerned about the South Fork Dam, which formed Lake Conemaugh above Johnstown and Cambria Iron Company&#39;s facilities. To monitor the dam, Morrell joined South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which owned the dam. Morrell campaigned to club officials to improve the dam, which he had inspected by his own engineers and by those of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Morrell offered to effect repairs, partially at his own expense, but was rejected by club president Benjamin F. Ruff. Morell died in 1885, his warnings unheeded.</p><br>
<p>On May 31, 1889, the dam failed, unleashing the Johnstown Flood. The flood killed more than 2,200 people—then the largest disaster in USA history—and badly damaged the Cambria Iron Company&#39;s facilities along the rivers. The company reopened one week later, but at reduced capacity, and it was eclipsed by other producers as it rebuilt. Blacksmith shop (octagon roof) and machine shop (raised roof) in the center.</p><br>
<p>After Morrells death, his club membership was purchased by Cyrus Elder, who became the clubs only Johnstown native; most of the men were from Pittsburgh. Elder was a former news editor who had become chief legal counsel for Cambria Iron Company. His wife and daughter died in the flood. He continued to be a notable civic leader. He also wrote books and poetry.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, Cambria Iron was acquired by Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company. Midvale sold the company to Bethlehem Steel in 1923., It operated continuously until 1992.</p><br>
<p>Cambria Steel Company had formed a proprietary subsidiary shipping company called Franklin Steamship Company of Cleveland in 1906 and Beaver Steamship Company in 1916. Both companies were sold to Bethlehem Steamship Company in 1924.</p><br>
<h2>Works produced</h2><br>
<p>Infrastructure whose parts were manufactured by the Cambria Company include the following (with variations in attribution). All have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP):</p><br>
<p>Bell Bridge, county road over Niobrara River, 11.9 mi northeast of Valentine, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Boone River Bridge, Buchanan Avenue over Boone River, Goldfield, Iowa (Cambria Steel Company), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Borman Bridge, county road over Niobrara River, 2.3 mi southeast of Valentine, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Eldorado Bridge, State Street over Turkey River, Eldorado, Iowa (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Johnstown Inclined Railway, Johns Street and Edgehill Drive, Johnstown, Pennsylvania (Cambria Iron Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Neligh Mill Bridge, Elm Street over Elkhorn River, Neligh, Nebraska (Cambria/Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>North Loup Bridge, county road over North Loup River, 1.5 mi northeast of North Loup, Nebraska (Cambria & Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Republican River Bridge, county road over Republican River, 1 mi east and 1.5 mi south of Riverton, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Willow Creek Bridge, county road over Willow Creek, 6.5 mi south of Foster, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>The Water Shops Armory, located at 1 Allen Street, was a part of the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. Developed beginning in 1857, it served as the heavy manufacturing complex for the armory. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The main armory stretched over two city blocks in what was known as the Hill Shops (where the National Historic Site now is accompanied by the Springfield Technical Community College which occupies most of the 22 original buildings). About one mile (1.6 km) south, on the Mill River, the United States Army built the Water Shops where the heavy metal forging and machining was done as well as gun stock shaping. It was located there to take advantage of the water power supplied by the Mill River. The complex consists of several buildings, most of them connected into one large grouping, set in part astride the river below the dam that impounds Watershops Pond.</p><br>
<p>When the armory was established in 1794, the Mill River was where it established a series of early workshops, at three different falls. In the 1850s, these facilities were reorganized into a single site, with the first of the present buildings built in 1857. Over the next four years, additional buildings augmented the capabilities of the site, giving it sufficient capacity to meet the armory&#39;s heavy manufacturing needs. The dam and canal were built to raise the level of Watershops Pond, and new turbines were installed to provide 300 horsepower for the facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Water Shops complex is now a privately owned industrial site. The main building was severely damaged on Friday June 17, 1988, when a fire destroyed part of the top floors. The building was built in two different sections: the first was built in 1858, and the second section, which paralleled Allen Street and was built in 1901, is where the fire happened.</p><br>
<p>Oakwood Cemetery is a 160 acre historic cemetery located in Syracuse, New York. It was designed by Howard Daniels and built in 1859. Oakwood Cemetery was created during a time period in the nineteenth century when the rural cemetery was becoming a distinct landscape type, and is a good example of this kind of landscape architecture.</p><br>
<p>The original 92 acre included about 60 acre of dense oak forest with pine, ash, hickory and maple. A crew of 60 laborers without large-scale earth moving equipment thinned and grouped the trees; today there are many 150-year-old specimens. Students of SUNY-ESF and Syracuse University, whose campuses are adjacent to Oakwood, can regularly be seen in the cemetery for instruction on plant species, capturing insect specimens, cemetery studies, or mammal surveys.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oakwood was an immediate success after its dedication in November 1859. Thousands of visitors led to the establishment of omnibus service directly to the cemetery gates. Additions to the original acreage were laid out in a manner sympathetic to the original design. The Oakwood Cemetery project, run by Syracuse University libraries, digitizes and preserves valuable cemetery records.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Notable interments at Oakwood Cemetery include:</p><br>
<p>Anna Short Harrington (1897–1955), Working at the time as A Syracuse house maid, Anna Was discovered by “Quaker Oats Co." in 1935 while cooking her locally famous pancake recipe at the Syracuse state fair, at which time she became the marketing face of “Aunt Jemima”; An institutionally racist depiction of the “Mammy”-stereotype, used as a marketing tool.</p><br>
<p>Charles Andrews (1827–1918), chief judge of the NY Court of Appeals</p><br>
<p>Edward Gayer Andrews (1825–1907), a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Maltbie D. Babcock (1858–1901), 19th-century clergyman and author</p><br>
<p>Union Major General Henry A. Barnum (1833–1892), recipient of the Medal of Honor</p><br>
<p>Willis B. Burns (1851–1915), businessman, Mayor of Syracuse, member of the New York State Assembly</p><br>
<p>George F. Comstock (1811–1892), lawyer, politician, and judge, previous owner of the land tract where the cemetery stands</p><br>
<p>Stephen D. Dillaye (1820–1884), politician, lawyer, journalist</p><br>
<p>Herbert H. Franklin (1866–1956), American automobile magnate, businessman and industrialist</p><br>
<p>Amos P. Granger (1789–1866), became a general following the War of 1812</p><br>
<p>John A. Green, a Utica native who served as brigadier general in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>William Jervis Hough (1795–1869), attorney, a general in the New York Militia of Cazenovia, 8th Cavalry Regiment, and a representative in the United States Congress</p><br>
<p>Jesse Truesdell Peck (1811–1883), a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and founder of Syracuse University</p><br>
<p>Elihu Phillips (1800–1884), member of the New York State Assembly and the Wisconsin Senate</p><br>
<p>Irene Sargent (1852–1932), art historian and Syracuse University faculty member</p><br>
<p>Joseph Lyman Silsbee (1848–1913), architect</p><br>
<p>Lyman Cornelius Smith (1850–1910), American industrialist</p><br>
<p>Union Major General Edwin Vose Sumner (1797–1863)</p><br>
<p>Comfort Tyler (1764–1827), early pioneer in Syracuse, New York</p><br>
<p>Ernest Lynn Waldorf (1876–1943), American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>John M. Wieting (1817–1888), American lecturer and philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Mount Taylor is an archaeological site near DeBary, Florida. It is the eponym for the Mount Taylor period, a pre-ceramic archaeological culture that flourished in the middle and upper St. Johns River valley and, to a lesser extent, along the middle and upper Atlantic Coast of Florida, from about 6,000 years Before Present  to about 4,000 years BP . On October 8, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Pico House is a historic building in Los Angeles, California, dating from its days as a small town in Southern California. Located on 430 North Main Street, it sits across the old Los Angeles Plaza from Olvera Street and El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pío Pico, a successful businessman who was the last Mexican Governor of Alta California, ordered construction of a luxury hotel in the growing town. The architect was Ezra F. Kysor, who also designed the Cathedral of Saint Vibiana, and it was constructed between 1869 and 1870. The resulting Italianate three storey, 33-room hotel, dubbed Pico House (or Casa de Pico) was the most extravagant and lavish hotel in Southern California, and its opening was cause for much celebration. It had a total of nearly 80 rooms, large windows, a small interior court, and a grand staircase. In the days of the hotel&#39;s primacy the courtyard featured a fountain and an aviary of exotic birds. The structure forms three sides of a trapezoid whose open end immediately abuts the adjacent Merced Theatre, thus forming the courtyard. The back of the hotel faces Sanchez Street, where the large gate used by supply wagons and other large vehicles can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>Its time in the spotlight did not last very long. By 1876, the Southern Pacific Railroad had linked the city with the rest of the country and more residents and businessmen began pouring in. Pio Pico himself started having financial troubles, and lost the hotel to the San Francisco Savings and Loan Company.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the hotel was so crowded with guests that Manager Dunham secured 30 rooms on the opposite side of the street, "and still the cry is more room."</p><br>
<p>The business center of the city began to move south and, by 1900, the condition of the building began to decline and it was operated as a lodging house until it was acquired by the El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument. Parts of this building were renovated in 1981 and 1992. The ground floor is occasionally used for exhibits and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Pico House is listed as a California Historical Landmark (No. 159) and a National Historic Landmark as a part of the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District (NPS-72000231).</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The rear of Pico House was used in the TV show The Mentalist. It is used as the headquarters of the fictional California Bureau of Investigation and is frequently seen during the show.</p><br>
<p>On January 7, 2011, the building was featured on Travel Channel&#39;s Ghost Adventures, with special guests Kane Hodder, R.A. Mihailoff, and Rick McCullum.</p><br>
<p>Morys, known also as Morys Temple Bar, is a private club adjacent to the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, founded in 1849 and housed in a clubhouse that was originally a private home built sometime before 1817. Originally it was a restaurant, especially hospitable to Yale undergraduates , located at the corner of Temple and Center Streets, but in 1912, when the building was to be demolished, the owner and proprietor , Louis Linder, sold it to a group of Yale alumni who moved the bar to 306 York Street and turned it into a membership club. The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>After several years of operating losses and the 2008 financial crisis, the club closed indefinitely on December 19, 2008. Although the club had an endowment of $2 million, it was depleted by this poor performance and the market downturn in 2008–2009. After completion of a comprehensive business plan at the end of 2009 and progress on a fundraising effort, Morys committed to a major renovation and a new business model in 2010. The fundraising effort and construction were completed in 2010 and Morys reopened on August 25, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Membership in Morys is now offered to all Yale students, employees, and alumni as well as members of the New Haven community with an affiliation to Yale. Membership was open to women in 1974 when the club was given the option by Governor Ella Grasso of remaining exclusively all male but without a liquor license. Yale undergraduates can join with a $15 membership fee that covers all four years at Yale. Alumni living within 30 miles of Morys pay a $99 annual fee, while alumni living over 30 miles away pay a $49 annual fee.</p><br>
<h2>Traditions</h2><br>
<p>Several important traditions are maintained at Mory&#39;s that have deep resonance with certain Yale alumni and students.</p><br>
<h3>The Whiffenpoofs</h3><br>
<p>The Whiffenpoofs, the a cappella group made up of Yale seniors who are recruited from other Yale undergraduate singing groups, sings weekly, usually on Monday evenings, in the dining areas of the club. They often perform the famous "Whiffenpoof Song" which mentions Mory&#39;s as the "place where Louis</p><br>
<p>dwells." It was through this song, which was sung and recorded by Rudy Vallee, Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley, that the Club became part of the national consciousness in the early part of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h3>The Spizzwinks(?)</h3><br>
<p>In 1913, four young men met at Mory&#39;s to create a light-hearted alternative to the more serious Whiffenpoofs. They decided upon the "Spizzwinks(?)," a reference to a mythical creature to which the Corn Blight of 1906 had been whimsically attributed.</p><br>
<h3>Cups</h3><br>
<p>Another tradition is the ritualistic consumption of a "Cup," in which a party of members gather to share drinks of assorted colors and ingredients (usually containing alcohol, although a non-alcoholic "Imperial Cup" is available) from large silver trophy cups that look like handled urns and are passed amongst the gathered company. The cups are ordered by color, and some are based on sparkling wines, while others are based on beer. There is an elaborate ritual, including at the completion of a cup a drinking song, associated with the tradition. Cups come in many colors including red, gold, purple, blue, green, and velvet.</p><br>
<p>When a member is about to finish a Cup, he or she faces the decades-old challenge of "cleaning the cup"&mdash;removing all moisture from the cup by using only his or her mouth and, to finish the job, hair. Friends to the left and right are at the ready with napkins to minimize drippage during this process. While the member is finishing, and to give that member extra time to "clean the cup," his or her friends are wont to chant the Morys Song (an adaptation, for a diametrically opposite purpose, of the Salvation Army camp song "Put a Nickel on the Drum"), with the finishing members name as the hero of the song:</p><br>
<p>Its, its ,Its that makes the world go round,Its,, that makes the world go round,Its, its ,Its that makes the world go round,Its that makes the world go round!</p><br>
<p>Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum;Save another drunken bum!Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum and you&#39;ll be saved.</p><br>
<p>I&#39;m H-A-P-P-Y to be F-R-double-E,F-R-double-E to be S-A-V-E-D,S-A-V-E-D from the bonds of S-I-N;Glory, glory, Hallelujah; hip-hooray, amen!</p><br>
<p>Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum; Save another drunken bum!Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum and you&#39;ll be saved!</p><br>
<p>I was lying in the gutter,I was covered up in beer, (BEER!)Pretzels in my moustache ,I thought the end was near, (BEER!)Then along came And saved me from my curse !Glory, glory, Hallelujah; sing another verse!</p><br>
<p>Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum;Save another drunken bum!Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum and you&#39;ll be saved!</p><br>
<p>At the conclusion of the Morys Song, the member places the trophy cup, upside down, on top of a cloth (or, for greater challenge due to the latters higher absorbency, a paper) napkin, whereupon three friends place their respective hands atop the base of the cup and tap firmly. The cup is then whisked away, and the napkin is inspected for any signs of moisture. In decades past, and to date for some more conservative organizations, if the napkin were wet, then the finishing member would be forced to pay for the cup; if the napkin were dry, the member to the finishing members left—who himself chose to forgo finishing the cup—would have to pay. (Organizations still following these rules often vary them as to the specifics: Some organizations requiring that the cost of the cup be divided among the two or three previous drinkers rather than only the immediately previous one. Some organizations exempt women preceding the "draining" drinker from having to pay, instead assessing only the man or men to that drinkers left for the cup&#39;s cost, on the grounds that a woman should not be expected to drain the cup and therefore did not forgo a clear opportunity to do so.) In more modern times, most toasting parties split the bill evenly amongst members, regardless of who fails to drain or declines the opportunity to drain a cup.</p><br>
<h3>Table carving</h3><br>
<p>Another tradition was the encouraged practice of carving the tops of the dining tables at which one sat. The carving might be simply initials or names, or, in the case of the Whiffs&#39; table, a Pendragon rampant.</p><br>
<h3>Yale Political Union</h3><br>
<p>Since the early-to-middle 20th century, some of the parties of the Yale Political Union (particularly those on the right) have adjourned to Morys, "as is traditional." While the parties no longer actually go to Morys after debates as party debates have gotten longer and Morys hours shorter over the years, the tradition of saying that a debate caucus adjourns to Morys remains. The parties of the Union have, over time, picked up the tradition of dining at Mory&#39;s, though, particularly for weekly Friday lunches, and most hold toasting sessions there as often as two or three times each semester. Current and past club members include John Kerry, Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford, John R. Bolton, George Pataki, Joe Lieberman, John Heinz, Paul Mellon, William Howard Taft, and William F. Buckley, Jr.</p><br>
<h3>Special menu items</h3><br>
<p>There are two special menu items that bring the denizens of Mory&#39;s back to the carved wooden tables and the walls covered with trophies of the past. They are Baker Soup, a potage heavy on tomato, curry, and cream and topped with croutons; and The Rabbit, a version of Welsh rabbit.</p><br>
<p>The Frank G. Bloom House or Bloom Mansion is located in Trinidad, Colorado, United States, which is within Las Animas County. The Bloom Mansion is a late 19th-century building meant to serve as the personal residence of its owner. The mansion is located in Trinidad&#39;s 300 block of Main Street and has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cattle baron and banker Frank Bloom and his wife Sarah had the mansion created in 1882. The building is constructed in a French style and used locally made bricks. The home is still decorated with an array of period furnishings including a horn chair and delicate porcelain figures.</p><br>
<h2>Trinidad History Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today the home is part of the Colorado Historical Societys Trinidad History Museum. The museum, which is encompassed by the El Corazon de Trinidad National Historic District, features several homes in one block, including the Bloom House, the Baca House, which is next door to the Bloom Mansion, the Santa Fe Trail Museum, which features historic artifacts and exhibits about the Santa Fe Trail and Trinidads heritage, and historic gardens around the properties.</p><br>
<h2>In cinema</h2><br>
<p>Badlands (film)</p><br>
<p>The Teapot Dome Service Station is a former gas station built in the shape of a teapot located in Zillah, Washington, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located at 117 First Avenue, the station is an example of novelty architecture. It was intended as a reminder of the Teapot Dome Scandal that rocked the presidency of Warren G. Harding and sent Interior Secretary Albert Fall to prison for his role in leasing government oil reserves in, among other places, Teapot Dome, Wyoming.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was built in 1922 on what later became USA Route 12. The building has a circular frame with a conical roof, sheet metal "handle", and a concrete "spout". Many such novelties were constructed as roadside attractions as the national highway system in the United States expanded during the 1920s and 1930s. The unique service station continued operation as a full-service gas station for some years. When Interstate 82 was constructed near Zillah in 1978 the station was relocated less than a mile down the Yakima Valley Highway. After the gas station was closed in 2006, it was purchased by the city the following year, rehabilitated, and relocated in 2012 to 117 First Avenue. It now serves as Zillah&#39;s visitors center.</p><br>
<p>The Shell Service Station in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is a former filling station constructed in 1930 following a decision in the 1920s by the new local Shell distributor, Quality Oil Company, to bring brand awareness to the market in Winston-Salem. The building is an example of representational or novelty architecture and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 13, 1976. It is located in the Waughtown-Belview Historic District at the corner of Sprague and Peachtree Streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-story Shell station, in the shape of a giant scallop shell, was built by R.H. Burton and his son, Ralph, in 1930 at Sprague and Peachtree Streets in Winston-Salem. The owners of the oil company decided to attract customers through a series of shell-shaped service stations. They built at least eight in the Winston-Salem area, but the station at Sprague and Peachtree is the only one remaining. The Shell station speaks to the literalism prevalent in some advertising during the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Preservation North Carolina, an organization dedicated to the preservation of historic sites, spent one year and $50,000 to bring the landmark station back to its original condition. Workers removed layers of faded yellow paint to reveal the Shell&#39;s original yellow-orange color. The original front door was repaired and a crack fixed that had been previously sealed with nothing more than black tar. The wooden, trellised shelter that housed the car wash and allowed cars to be washed and/or serviced in the shade was reconstructed as well. Quality Oil Company donated restored gas pumps and replica lamp posts to help finish off the restoration. The landmark now serves as a museum for Preservation North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>, Roadside Attractions, National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Benewah Milk Bottle is a landmark in Spokane, Washington. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places, there are two constructed milk bottle-shaped buildings in the Spokane area, which accompanied a successful dairy operation&#39;s stores. One of the buildings is located on South Cedar Street in Downtown Spokane, while the other is located two miles north in the Garland Historical District of North Hill.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of September 26, 2011, the Garland Historical District Milk Bottle restaurant, owned by Mary Lou Ritchie, and the historical Ferguson&#39;s Café, located next door, were heavily damaged in a fire. Fire investigators believe the fire started in a walkway between the two restaurants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bottle was completed in 1935 and is a classic example of literalism in advertising. The bottle is stuccoed from its base to where it begins to taper to the bottle&#39;s neck. The neck and cap are sheet metal over a wooden frame. The entire bottle had an original white paint. It was Paul E. Newport who built the milk bottles. Newport owned the thriving Benewah Dairy Company. Company ads stated the bottles were "designed to build better men and women by making dairy products attractive to boys and girls. No expense will be spared to make these new stores as sturdy as fine, and as good as the products they represent."</p><br>
<p>The milk bottle was photographed by John Margolies who captured images of roadside attractions around the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants House Museum, also known as the Old Merchants House and the Seabury Tredwell House, is a historic house museum at 29 East Fourth Street in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Built by the hatter Joseph Brewster between 1831 and 1832, the edifice is a four-story building with a Federal-style brick facade and a Greek Revival interior. It served as the residence of the Tredwell family for almost a century before it reopened as a museum in 1936. The Merchant&#39;s House Museum is the only 19th-century residence in Manhattan with its original exteriors and interiors intact.</p><br>
<p>Brewster built the house as a speculative development and sold it in 1835 to the merchant Seabury Tredwell, who lived there with his wife, eight children, four servants, and several relatives. Five of the children never married and, for the most part, remained there through the end of the 19th century. The structure remained in the family until the death of the youngest child, Gertrude, in 1933. George Chapman, a distant relative, purchased the building and transformed it into a museum. Over the next three decades, the museums operators struggled to obtain funds to restore the deteriorating house. The architect Joseph Roberto completely renovated the building from 1970 to 1980, and the museum underwent further restoration in the early 1990s after the demolition of nearby buildings damaged it. During the 2010s and 2020s, museum officials opposed the construction of a nearby hotel because of concerns over the houses structural integrity.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants House Museum has a raised basement, an ornate doorway accessed by a stoop, a slate roof, and a rear garden. The interior consists of a family room and kitchen in the basement; two parlors on the first floor; and bedrooms on the upper floors. The museums collection has over 4,500 items owned by the Tredwell family, including pieces of furniture, clothing, household items, and personal items. The museum also presents various performances and events at the house, and it operates tours and educational programs. Reviewers have praised both the museums exhibits and the architecture. The buildings facade and interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Merchant&#39;s House Museum, originally the Seabury Tredwell House, is at 29 East Fourth Street in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is on the north side of Fourth Street, between Lafayette Street to the west and Bowery to the east. The land lot is rectangular and measures 3,072 ft2, with a frontage of 24.25 ft and a depth of 128.83 ft.</p><br>
<p>Abutting the museum to the east is a public park named Manuel Plaza. Several doors east of the museum, at 37 East Fourth Street, is the Samuel Tredwell Skidmore House, a three-story Greek Revival house built for a cousin of one of 29 East Fourth Street&#39;s early residents, Seabury Tredwell. The Skidmore House was the residence of Skidmore, his wife, eight children, and a nurse. Designated as a New York City landmark in 1970, the Skidmore House was restored by 2010 after falling into disrepair. The De Vinne Press Building to the west and the Astor Library (also known as the Public Theater) to the north are on the same block. Other nearby buildings include the Firehouse of Engine Company No. 33 one block south, 357 Bowery half a block east, and the Schermerhorn Building half a block west.</p><br>
<p>The site of the house was historically part of the estate of German-American businessman John Jacob Astor, who, in 1803, acquired land between what is now Astor Place and Great Jones Street. Astor subsequently built his mansion and horse stable directly to the west of the Seabury Tredwell House. In the 1830s, the wealthiest New Yorkers were starting to relocate northward from what is now the Financial District of Manhattan to what is now Lafayette Street in NoHo. At the time, the area surrounding Lafayette Street was still mostly undeveloped.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was first occupied by Seabury Tredwell, a merchant born in 1780 to a prominent Long Island family; Tredwell established a business on Pearl Street in Lower Manhattan around 1803 or 1804, which later became Tredwell, Kissam & Company.</p><br>
<h3>Use as residence</h3><br>
<h4>19th century</h4><br>
<p>Joseph Brewster, a hatmaker who also developed speculative real estate projects, acquired two land lots in 1831 for a combined $6,550. On one of these land lots, he built a townhouse at 29 East Fourth Street. Brewster built five additional houses on the same street. Brewster sold the building in 1835 to Tredwell for $18,000. It remained the Tredwell familys residence for nearly a century. The Tredwells attended the nearby St. Bartholomews Church and occasionally went to Central Park to drive on the carriage trails there. They vacationed in New Jersey during the summer but lived on Fourth Street the remainder of the time, shunning publicity. Tredwell&#39;s youngest daughter, Gertrude, was born in the house in 1840. Gertrude, her two brothers, and her five sisters all lived there with their parents.</p><br>
<p>The family employed four servants at any given time; Relatives of the family occasionally stayed at the building when they had nowhere else to stay. The house was also one of the first in New York City to receive gas from the Consolidated Gas Company (later Consolidated Edison) in the mid-19th century. The family remodeled their house two years later.</p><br>
<p>Only three of the Tredwells children married and moved out of the house; four daughters and one son never married.—remained in the house as spinsters. They gradually upgraded the furniture, although the sisters largely wished to retain the furnishings "as Papa wanted it". According to Seabury Tredwells great-nephew George Chapman, the family was "not a friendly lot".</p><br>
<h4>Early 20th century</h4><br>
<p>By 1909, three of the remaining sisters had died. Gertrude hired a maid who greeted the few visitors that she received. At one point, Gertrude had a conflict with the Consolidated Gas Company, which, in recognition of the Tredwells early adoption of gas, had allowed the family to pay their gas bill less frequently than other clients. According to the New York Herald Tribune, a "young and inexperienced bill collector" once cut off Gertrudes gas in the mistaken belief that the family had not paid their gas bill. A director from the gas company later showed up to apologize, only to be told after an hour that Gertrude would not speak with him.</p><br>
<p>In her final two decades, Gertrude increasingly stayed in her second-floor bedroom because of her declining health, and one of her nephews moved onto the third floor. They mostly stayed in the house, going to Lake Champlain for a few weeks every year. Nonetheless, she preserved the building in its original condition, long after all the neighboring private homes had been demolished or converted to other uses. A The New York Times reporter wrote that Gertrude had died as "a gentle, well-bred hemmed in by ugliness—and she had been forgotten."</p><br>
<h3>Use as museum</h3><br>
<p>After Gertrudes death, Eliza Nichols, the daughter of Gertrudes oldest sister Elizabeth, wished to pay off the houses mortgage by selling both the structure and the objects inside. and he paid Gertrudes mortgage. He formed the Historic Landmark Society,</p><br>
<h4>1930s to 1960s</h4><br>
<p>On May 8, 1936, the society held a private reception for the museum, which opened three days later on May 11. The museum was initially open from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day. The New York State Education Department installed a plaque the same month, commemorating the fact that the house had been Seabury Tredwells residence. and photographs of the interiors were exhibited at Columbia Universitys Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library. The Historic Landmark Society launched a fundraising campaign in 1943, seeking to raise $100,000, but had received only $7,000 within two years. At the time, the society spent $3,500 annually just to operate the museum, and its 50-cent admission fee and 2,500 annual visitors were not enough to pay the operating costs. This led Chapman to warn that the building was in danger of being sold. The museum&#39;s caretakers, married couple Harry Lundberg and Florence Helm, lived in the basement</p><br>
<p>The museum attracted 1,000 visitors annually by 1950. Consolidated Edison installed a gas heating system in the museum in 1955. and needed $200,000 in repairs. and the original furnishings were "ready to crumble on a touch". The museum still did not have enough visitors to finance its own operation. Museum officials had unsuccessfully attempted to obtain funding from private donors, and Randolph Jack, its curator, was personally paying for the museum&#39;s upkeep.</p><br>
<p>Jack indicated in early 1965 that the house and the objects inside might be sold to raise money. and a hundred children protested the planned demolition. Architects also proposed alternate uses for the structure to preserve it, and hundreds of people testified in support of the edifices preservation at a public hearing. That October, the LPC designated the Merchants House Museum as one of the first-ever official city landmarks.</p><br>
<h4>1970s renovation</h4><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, the museum tried to raise money for a restoration through events such as a tour of Staten Island. The Decorators Club expressed interest in restoring the house, The club hired Joseph Roberto, an architect employed at the nearby New York University, to consult on waterproofing issues. The club had raised $5,000 at the time, all of which was used to restore the cornice. Although Roberto wrote various letters to officials, asking them to fund the restoration, the project did not attract further attention until 1970, when Huxtable wrote about the house.</p><br>
<p>Roberto designed the house&#39;s renovation, and was completed in three phases. The project involved rebuilding the foundation, replacing more than 2,500 bricks along the party walls, replacing the slate roof, and reattaching the facade to the inner wall. Other objects, such as lighting fixtures, were also restored,</p><br>
<p>At the time of the renovation, the city landmark designation only extended to the exterior, so there were concerns that the house&#39;s interior could be significantly altered during the renovation. The project had cost $280,000, funded by over two dozen donors; at the time, museum officials planned to spend another $100,000 to restore the kitchen and bedrooms. The Robertos continued to work in an office at the front of the house.</p><br>
<h4>1980s and 1990s</h4><br>
<p>After the museum reopened, the basement, first, and second floors were open to the public on Sunday afternoons, and groups were allowed to book appointments during weekdays. The New York Times wrote in 1987: "The house is very much alive these days with its occasional use for special events and celebrations." The owner of three small buildings just east of the Seabury Tredwell House, at 31 to 35 East Fourth Street, announced plans in late 1987 to destroy these structures. The structure at 31 East Fourth Street shared a party wall with the Seabury Tredwell House, which was to remain partly intact. the edifice experienced $1 million in damage. Because of the lack of a retaining wall to the east, a crack formed along the length of the house, and the interiors suffered water damage. When Joseph Roberto died in 1988, the museum began searching for new staff.</p><br>
<p>The museum hired several staff members in April 1990, including executive director Margaret Halsey Gardiner. After a renovation lasting eight The Vincent Astor Foundation gave the Merchant&#39;s House Museum a $1 million grant in 1997, and the museum joined the Historic House Trust of New York City in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<h4>2000s to present</h4><br>
<p>During the early 21st century, the museum hosted tours of the surrounding neighborhood to raise money since it was susceptible to changes in New York City tourism numbers. By the 2010s, forty volunteers operated the museum, which had 15,000 annual visitors. The surrounding neighborhood had become a fashionable residential area. An analysis from The Wall Street Journal found that, if the building were still functioning as a residence, it could be sold for $6 million in 2018.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Kalodop II Park Corporation proposed an eight-story hotel immediately west of the Seabury Tredwell House. Because the hotels construction could impact the houses structural integrity, the LPC was required to review the plans. The hotel&#39;s developers promised that the development would not damage the museum and stated that the new building would structurally reinforce the museum. The LPC eventually approved the hotel in 2014 after rejecting three earlier plans. The LPC formed a plan to preserve the museum while the hotel was being constructed. According to one museum guide, the plaster moldings could be damaged irreparably if the house tilted 0.25 in.</p><br>
<p>Gardiner submitted a petition to the New York Supreme Court in early 2018, claiming that the New York City Department of City Planning had approved the hotel project based on erroneous information from Kalodop. and museum officials put up signs warning that the museum could be bankrupted by increasing legal costs. and a subcommittee of the New York City Council voted against the hotel plans that September. Kalodop then sued to reverse the City Council&#39;s decision, claiming that they planned to ensure that the older structure would not be damaged. When the hotel was approved in late 2023, Gardiner said that vibrations from construction could cause "irreparable" damage and threatened to sue. As the dispute over the adjacent hotel development continued, NYC Parks made plans to renovate the Seabury Tredwell House for $3.2 million in 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Though parts of the Seabury Tredwell Houses design may have been derived from books of architectural patterns published in the 1820s and 1830s, no single architect has been credited. The National Park Service (NPS) attributes the design to Menard Lafever, while the historian Barbaralee Diamonstein-Spielvogel writes that Joseph Brewster, who built the house, was inspired by Lafever. In his 1964 book Greek Revival Architecture in America, the architectural critic Talbot Hamlin says that the buildings plaster and wood decorations were similar to a set of patterns that Lafever had published in 1826. The Chicago Tribune claimed in 1957 that John McComb Jr., who had designed New York City Hall, also designed the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Seabury Tredwell House has a Federal-style facade and a Greek Revival interior, though sources disagree on which style is more predominant. The NPS&#39;s report on the building describes it as being designed in a transitional Greek Revival style, while a Chicago Tribune critic said in 1954 that the house was "the purest example of the so-called Federal style in New York". The Christian Science Monitor described the design in 1945 as being "mainly of the late Georgian period". Conversely, Vogue magazine identified the design in 1941 as being a mixture of the Empire and Victorian styles.</p><br>
<p>The Seabury Tredwell House is likely the only house in New York City with a fully preserved 19th-century interior, as well as one of the few late-Federal-style houses in the city that have not undergone significant changes to their design. By the 1980s, the Seabury Tredwell House was Manhattan&#39;s only remaining 19th-century house that retained its original furnishings.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The exterior of the Seabury Tredwell House is four stories high To the west and east of the former Tredwell residence are brick party walls, which were originally shared with the houses on either side.</p><br>
<p>A decorative iron railing separates the house from the street On the cellar and the first through third floors, the facade is made of brick. The fourth floor is placed within a steeply sloped gable roof made of slate tiles. There are two protruding dormer windows on the fourth story.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the house is a wood frame annex built in 1850, with a stairway leading from the first floor down to a small garden. Some of these plants, including vinca, columbine, and black-eyed Susan vines, were grown from specimens that had been excavated from the garden.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the buildings gross floor area is 4,218 ft2. Materials like Siena marble and plasterwork were commonplace at the time of the houses construction and were used throughout the building.</p><br>
<h4>Basement</h4><br>
<p>The raised basement contains two main rooms: a family room in the front and a kitchen in the rear. Between these two rooms were a pair of closets and a pantry (which were later converted into bathrooms and a kitchenette). All of these spaces are connected by a hallway on the eastern side of the basement, which extends the entire depth of the house. At either end of the hallway is a door with six panels, above which is a fanlight. A similar door with brass knobs leads from the basement hallway into the family room. There is a door halfway down the length of the hallway; it was added sometime after the house was completed.</p><br>
<p>The family room is decorated with peach-colored walls topped by plain cornices. There is also a sash window on the family rooms south wall and a fireplace with a black-and-gold marble mantelpiece. After the house was converted to a museum, the family room was converted into a childrens playroom exhibit.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen features built-in Dutch ovens and a fireplace.</p><br>
<h4>First story</h4><br>
<p>The Seabury Tredwell House&#39;s main entrance leads to a square vestibule with a floor of black and white marble, as well as walls painted to resemble authentic Siena marble. Atop the walls of the vestibule is a cornice with a molded egg-and-dart motif, which supports a ceiling with a central rosette made of plaster. At the north end of the vestibule is a door leading to the main first-floor hallway. The door is divided into eight mahogany panels, which are flanked by sidelights; this is topped by a fanlight and a keystone with acanthus leaves.</p><br>
<p>The main hallway runs along the eastern side of the first floor. The hallway is decorated with a plaster cornice containing egg-and-dart moldings, as well as a ceiling rosette with a cut-glass lantern. There is a stair to the second floor on the right side of the hallway, as well as a door underneath the stair, which leads to a tea room. The parlors are accessed by three mahogany doors, which are flanked by classically styled pilasters and topped by a lintel with egg-and-dart motifs.</p><br>
<p>The parlors were intended to have a symmetrical design; as such, both rooms have two doorways on their eastern walls, but one of the front parlors doorways is a false door. The rooms are connected by an arched partition flanked by Ionic fluted columns. The bases of these columns are octagonal in shape, while the capitals are decorated with anthemia. The columns shield a sliding mahogany door between the rooms, which sliding door originally had silver-plated trim. Each of the parlors also has wide wooden baseboards and a cornice with alternating bands, egg-and-dart motifs, and foliate decorations. There are fireplaces in both rooms, with coal grates, white marble hearthstones, and mantelpieces made of Belgian and Italian marble. In addition, the ceilings of each parlor have deeply recessed rosettes, from which bronze chandeliers with glass globes are suspended; the original gas-powered chandeliers were connected to the citys power grid in 1935. The floors are covered with replicas of a moquette carpet that the Tredwells once used.</p><br>
<p>There is a secret passage in the wall between the two first-floor parlors, which leads up to a drawer between the second-story master bedrooms. A New York Herald Tribune article from 1938 was unable to ascertain when or why the passage was built. According to the LPC, there are several unfounded rumors regarding the passageway, including claims that it connected to the street, was used to sneak suitors into the house, or was used to shelter fugitive slaves as part of the Underground Railroad. An LPC report indicates that the passage likely was used to facilitate the maintenance of the sliding parlor doors if they were knocked out of alignment. A museum curator said in 1965 that the passageway terminated in a dead end.</p><br>
<h4>Upper floors</h4><br>
<p>A hallway extends the entire depth of the second story and is illuminated by a lamp made of cut glass and etched glass. There are three bedrooms on this story. The front of the house contains a "hall bedroom" to the east and a master bedroom to the west, while the rear of the house contains another master bedroom to the west. The hall bedroom is the smallest of the three bedrooms and was also used as a study. Its doorways and window frames have blocks with carved acanthus leaves at their corners.</p><br>
<p>The two master bedrooms are accessible by Greek Revival-style doorways, which are flanked by pilasters and topped by lintels with decorative friezes, architraves, and cornices. Similar decorations are placed around the window openings, and there are two gaslit sconces on the walls next to each window. Each master bedroom has a fireplace with white hearthstones, veined marble mantels, and a coal grate. The cornices and plaster rosettes in the bedrooms are scaled-down versions of those in the first-floor parlors. The rear master bedroom has a straw carpet, and the two front bedrooms have a carpet with geometric patterns. Within these bedrooms, the family&#39;s original four-poster beds were preserved, complete with draperies.</p><br>
<p>Additional bedrooms were placed on the third and fourth floors. The third-floor bedrooms also have woodwork decorations, which are plainer in design than the furnishings on the second floor. The bedrooms on the third floor were used by the Tredwell familys children. On the fourth floor is a servants living room and four bedrooms connecting with that space.</p><br>
<h4>Staircases</h4><br>
<p>The house&#39;s staircases are stacked atop one another. There is a staircase between the basement and first floor along the extreme eastern end of the house. At the basement level, there is a wooden-paneled wall separating the staircase from the basement hallway. At the bottom of the steps is a door and a brass bell mounted onto the wall.</p><br>
<p>The staircase between the first and second floors has a mahogany handrail, supported by mahogany and brass spindles, and there is a bracket with tracery at the far end of each step. The stairway is interrupted by a landing halfway between the first and second stories, which is illuminated by a tall window on the northern wall. which, according to architectural critic Talbot Hamlin, was designed in a style characteristic of Duncan Phyfe.</p><br>
<p>Another staircase connects the second and third floors. The railing of this stairway has mahogany spindles and a newel post, which is decorated with acanthus wreaths only at its base and top. The design of the stairway dates to the 1850s, when it was moved about 42 in north of its original location. This was done to accommodate a manually-pulled elevator that carried Sarah Tredwell to her room. Although the elevator no longer exists, it was supported by a rope and a winding mechanism in the attic, which are both still intact., there are no elevators within the house.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation owns the house. a nonprofit organization dedicated to running education programs, conserving the collections, and restoring the house and the objects inside. The museum sells tickets for guided, self-guided, and neighborhood tours. There are explanatory plaques throughout each room, as well as docents throughout the museum. Old Merchant&#39;s House Inc. runs an online gift shop. The organization has an endowment fund, which was established after the Vincent Astor Foundation disbursed its $1 million grant in 1997.</p><br>
<h3>Collection</h3><br>
<p>When the museum opened in 1936, it contained the Tredwell family&#39;s original furnishings. furniture upholstered with horsehair, tables with marble tops, A mahogany dining table and a dozen "balloon-backed" chairs are displayed in the two first-floor parlors. a grand piano made by Nunns & Fischer, oil lamps, cupboards with rare china, and brass doorknobs.</p><br>
<p>The clothes in the collection include 39 dresses worn by Eliza Tredwell and her daughters. while mannequins with bonnets, gowns, gloves, and parasols were displayed in glass cases. A 1981 Town & Country article noted that the clothes on the mannequins were changed each season.</p><br>
<p>The collection also includes several household items. For example, the museum exhibited the familys cookware, 19th-century books and newspapers, and silver decorations. Tableware and mahogany pieces are shown in the parlor rooms. In the kitchen, objects such as the familys china collection and a pie safe were exhibited. Also on display are some needlepoint works that the Tredwells never completed.</p><br>
<h3>Events and programming</h3><br>
<p>Most of the museum&#39;s programming is educational in nature and includes courses on 19th-century culture. Since at least the 1990s, some archeological studies have taken place at the house.</p><br>
<p>Several events are regularly hosted at the house. The house is sometimes redecorated with 1870s decor during the Christmas season. Throughout the year, the museum also hosts "ghost tours" by candlelight</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the house has also hosted other events, such as a 1946 benefit for the American Friends of France. The house has been used for performances, such as the off-Broadway plays Old New York: False Dawn in 1884, Ellen Terry (A Public and Private Talk With Our Most Beloved Actress) in 1996, and Bright Lights, Big City in 1999. John Kevin Jones hosted readings of Charles Dickenss novella A Christmas Carol at the house in the 2010s and 2020s, as well as readings of Walt Whitmans poetry. Other events at the house have included benefit dinners, summertime lunches within the backyard, open house celebrations,</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<h3>Reception</h3><br>
<p>Shortly after the museum opened, a writer for the Elmira, New York, Star-Gazette wrote that the house was "a marvelously authentic exhibit of the best of urban living", akin to the Morris–Jumel Mansion, because it showcased the family&#39;s actual artifacts. Vogue magazine wrote in 1941 that the museum had "a surprise in every closet", Huxtable wrote, "One simply walks through the beautiful doorway into another time and place in New York."</p><br>
<p>After the museum reopened in the 1980s, The Christian Science Monitor wrote that the surrounding industrial and commercial buildings "belie the fragile yet warm loveliness that waits inside the columned front door", particularly the ornate interiors. According to a 2021 review by Condé Nast Traveler, the Merchant&#39;s House Museum "is as close to a hidden gem as a New York City museum gets."</p><br>
<p>There has also been architectural commentary on the house itself. Before the museum opened, a New York Times reporter wrote that "the house was built in the finest traditions of the period", citing its main entrance and brick facade. According to Arthur Meeker of the Chicago Daily Tribune, the facade was "distinctly handsome", but the interior had turned into "a museum of frank horrors, interspersed with a few fine old rosewood and mahogany pieces". Huxtable wrote that the AIA Guide to New York City had summarized "the importance of the Old Merchants House in one bold-faced sentence: The original house is all there. Following the 1980s renovation, The Christian Science Monitor wrote that the double parlors had been called "two of the most beautiful rooms in America".</p><br>
<h3>Landmark designations</h3><br>
<p>Due to its architectural and historic importance, the Seabury Tredwell House has received several landmark designations. When the citys landmarks law was signed in April 1965, The Village Voice reported that the Seabury Tredwell House was "a likely candidate for salvation" under the law. The building was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, the day the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 went into effect. The LPC designated the Seabury Tredwell Houses basement, first floor, and second floor as an interior landmark in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Street Bridge is a historic Pratt through truss bridge over the North Fork of the Zumbro River in Mazeppa, Minnesota, United States. It was built as a highway bridge in 1904 but has been restricted to pedestrian use since 1980. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 for having local significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for being the work of noted Minnesota engineer William S. Hewett and his bridge building firm the W. S. Hewett Co., an example further recognized for its exceptional ornamentation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A previous bridge at this location, dating to the 19th century, was Mazeppa&#39;s only crossing over the Zumbro River and a link on a key road between Rochester and Lake City, Minnesota. That bridge was condemned in 1901 but remained in use until the Mazeppa village council contracted with the W. S. Hewett Co. in 1904 for a replacement, selling bonds to help raise some of the $3,775 cost. The new bridge was completed in August of that year. As such it fell within a unique window in Minnesota bridge construction: in the prior decade steel had supplanted iron as the construction material of choice, but in 1911 the recently formed Minnesota State Highway Commission would enact standards that led to far greater similarity in bridge designs.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Street Bridge remained Mazeppa&#39;s primary river crossing until 1922, when a new highway bridge was built one block to the north. The Walnut Street Bridge continued to carry local traffic until 1980, when it was closed to vehicles. It served as a pedestrian bridge but was closed altogether in 1995. The city of Mazeppa rehabilitated the bridge from 2001 to 2002, removing non-historic elements, replacing deteriorated structures, and adding new safety features. The rehabilitation project reopened the bridge to pedestrian use and won an award from the Preservation Alliance of Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters Evangelical Lutheran Church, or Iglesia Luterana San Pedro, is a historic church complex located in the Walkers Point neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Its buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s congregation (Evangelisch Lutherischen St. Peters Gemeinde) was founded February 14, 1860, by German immigrants, with 34 charter members. In 1861, the congregation bought a frame building for its first church and moved it to the corner of South Eighth and West Scott Streets. In 1866, the congregation built a small brick-clad Gothic-influenced church designed by John Rugee. In 1873, the congregation added the frame parsonage which still survives, and, in 1879, the school building. In 1884, 13 families were released from the congregation to establish Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church. The congregation is affiliated with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS).</p><br>
<p>The current church building was designed by Milwaukee architect Andrew Elleson in Victorian Gothic style and built in 1885. It has a cruciform floor-plan, with a massive square tower on each side of the front entrance - one 100 ft tall and the other 165 ft tall. The pedimented gables on the larger tower have a German flavor, similar to St. Marys in Lubeck. The spires on the towers and the peak of the gable are topped with crosses. The interior is well-preserved, with the altar standing in a tall apse, and in front of an antique white wood reredos. To the altars left is an elevated goblet-shaped pulpit. A U-shaped balcony rings the sides and back of the nave, a common feature of 18th century churches in Germany. A large pipe organ commands the back.</p><br>
<p>Other remaining structures in the complex are:</p><br>
<p>The 1873 parsonage is south of the church - a wood frame building in simplified Italianate style. It is now used for church offices.</p><br>
<p>The 1879 school building stands across the street from the church - a 2-story Italianate-styled brick building designed by architect John Rugee.</p><br>
<p>The 1898 social hall designed by O. C. Uehling stands south of the school.</p><br>
<p>In 1860, the congregation and building rose out of a working-class neighborhood of modest homes of immigrants. The south side is not so different in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Zumbrota Covered Bridge is the last remaining historic covered bridge in the USA state of Minnesota. It has been restored and is located in Covered Bridge Park in Zumbrota, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was completed in November 1869 as a replacement for Zumbrota&#39;s original bridge which was destroyed by the spring flood of that year. The bridge has latticed wooden-trusses and is structured to look like a barn; it is 116-feet long, and has a 15-feet wide roadway. The covered portion of the bridge was added in 1871. The bridge served until 1932 when it was moved to the fairgrounds. In 1997 the bridge was moved to its current location in Covered Bridge Park, about 100 yd from its original location.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, Zumbrota had a bridge often called "Zumbrota&#39;s second covered bridge" which spanned the Zumbro River, about 0.5 mi mile upstream. It was a railroad bridge for the Duluth, Red Wing, and Southern Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The bridge roof partially collapsed on February 24, 2019, following one of the snowiest months in state history. The bridge has since been restored, after an effort costing roughly $250,000.</p><br>
<p>Washingtons Headquarters at Valley Forge, also known as the Isaac Potts House, is a historic house that served as General George Washingtons headquarters at Valley Forge during the American Revolutionary War. The building, which still stands, is one of the centerpieces of Valley Forge National Historical Park in Southeastern Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1773, and Washington made it his headquarters during the Continental Army encampment between December 1777 and June 1778. The restored building is part of Valley Forge National Historical Park and is open to the public. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The house is located in present-day Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Washington&#39;s Headquarters at Valley Forge are located between PA Route 23 and the Schuylkill River in Valley Forge National Historical Park. It is a two-and-a-half-story three-bay Georgian vernacular stone structure with a full cellar and a side gable roof. A one-and-a-half-story ell extends to the left. The main entrance is in the left-most bay, sheltered by a gabled hood. There is a secondary entrance on the right end wall. The gable ends have pent roofs below, and a circular window on the north wall. The interior is decorated with period 18th-century antique and reproduction furnishings representative of what George Washington would have had at the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was built at some point between 1757–73 by a member of the Potts family, a Quaker family who operated iron forges, saw mills, and a grist mill nearby. George Washington, and later his wife Martha as well, occupied this house from late december 1777 until June 18, 1778. Washington conducted the army&#39;s business in an office on the ground floor during that period.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial and Memorial Association of Valley Forge, led by Founding Regent Anna Morris Holstein, was incorporated in 1878 with the purpose of saving, acquiring, preserving General Washingtons Headquarters and immediate surrounding acreage. A large Centennial event to create awareness and raise funds was held on June 19, 1878, the 100th anniversary of Washingtons Army exiting Valley Forge.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Mission was a Jesuit mission church established in the Hudsons Bay Companys  Columbia District, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, in the 1830s. The mission was built near the HBCs Fort Colville, on the bluff then overlooking Kettle Falls on the Columbia River. The building still stands today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Both Catholic and Protestant missionaries visited Kettle Falls several times from 1836 on, attempting to convert natives to Christianity.</p><br>
<p>The first missionaries, representatives of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and sponsored by the Presbyterians and Congregationalists, arrived in 1836. They were unable to baptize any Indians.</p><br>
<p>Catholic missionaries, led by French-Canadian Fathers François Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers, arrived in 1838. They delivered the first Catholic mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Cascade Range in 1839 and baptized 19 Indians, but were unable to establish a permanent mission. Their efforts were more focused on St. Paul Roman Catholic Church, in the Willamette Valley.</p><br>
<p>Following Belgian Father DeSmets preaching to the Sxoielpi (Colville Indians) in August 1845, a small log chapel was built. Two years later the present hand-hewn log church replaced it. Sometime around 1869, St. Pauls Mission was abandoned in favor of a location seven miles north of the present city of Colville. Damaged by fire in 1910, the present structure was restored in 1939–40.</p><br>
<p>The OShaughnessy Dam is located on the Scioto River near Dublin, Ohio, United States. The dam forms OShaughnessy Reservoir, which is a major source of drinking water for the city of Columbus. It was completed in 1925 following recommendations of then superintendent Jerry O&#39;Shaughnessy .</p><br>
<p>At the time, the reservoir was described as "the finest inland waterway in the United States." Located 10 mi upstream of the smaller Griggs Dam, it provides a large area for various forms of recreation in addition to its water supply duties. The reservoir holds 6.3 e9USgal over a surface area of 845 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium is located on the east bank of the reservoir, near the dam.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the dam was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Hydroelectricity</h2><br>
<p>The city of Columbus installed a hydroelectric operation on the west side of the dam, which was completed in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The turbines can only be operated when there is sufficient flow, which means the dam cannot continuously produce electricity. With a head of 18 feet (5.5 m),</p><br>
<p>the two turbines together produce 5 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>Despite numerous repair attempts the Hydroelectric Turbines have remained offline for approximately three years (ostensibly as of August 2018). In January, 2021, The City of Columbus announced plans to repair the hydropower unit and restore the plant to full capacity by 2023.</p><br>
<p>Ellis School is a school building in Ashland, Wisconsin which was built in 1900. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1980. It is noted for its architecture&mdash;the design of Henry Wildhagen&mdash;which is of the 19th- and 20th-century revival styles.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story-plus-basement Neoclassical building. A 1979 architectural review described it as follows:"...simple, rectangular mass is varied only by a projecting center pedimented pavilion, cut by a Neoclassical arch over the entrance. The brownstone voussoirs and keystone of the arch and the basement story contrasted with the brick walls relate to the materials of the other schools. Although the grand arch and triple-window motif is again used to mark the story over the entrance, the omission of overt Richardsonian Romanesque references make the Ellis School unique among its fellows. Distribution of double-hung windows to either side of the center pavilion is regular, with four to each side. An elliptical window is set into the center pediment which intersects the low pyramidal roof."</p><br>
<p>Wildhagen also designed three other schools in Ashland which are also NRHP-listed: Ashland Middle School (1904), Beaser School (1899), and Wilmarth School (1895).</p><br>
<p>The Zumbro Parkway Bridge is a historic arch bridge with two 25 ft spans over a tributary of the Zumbro River just outside the city of Zumbro Falls in Hyde Park Township, Minnesota, United States. It was constructed in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration using a modular corrugated iron product known as Multi Plate, and given a masonry veneer with Gothic Revival details. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for having state-level significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for being one of Minnesotas finest examples of a stone-faced Multi Plate arch highway bridge, a style used in many of the states New Deal bridge projects.</p><br>
<p>The Monmouth Street Historic District is located in Newport, Kentucky. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The district includes Monmouth Street, the main commercial street of the city, between Third Street , then south to Eleventh Street. It contains 80 acre and 94 buildings. Most of the buildings were built between 1850 and 1949.</p><br>
<p>The district included 94 contributing buildings among its 143 properties, including the 1902 Carnegie library, Campbell County&#39;s first public library and a work of the Cincinnati architects Werner and Atkins.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church, built in 1871, is an historic Episcopal church located at 7 Court Place at York Street in Newport, Kentucky, in the United States. On November 25, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was founded on Easter Sunday in 1844, with the assistance of the Rev. Dr. Nicholas Hamner Cobbs, who was then rector of St. Pauls Church in Cincinnati. He helped "the Church-minded people in Newport" to organize their new congregation and the vestry considered him to be St. Pauls founder. Six months later the Rev. Mr. Cobbs was elected Bishop of Alabama.</p><br>
<p>Later in 1844, the vestry bought the small Methodist brick church building on Court Place for $500. The Methodist Meeting House was 30 x, with side walls 11 ft high. In the front of the Methodist Church interior of the building there was a low gallery, without handrails, for the use of slaves, who came to meetings with their masters."</p><br>
<p>In 1845 St. Pauls was admitted into union with the Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky. In 1871 the cornerstone of the present St. Pauls was laid on the site of the old brick Methodist church. It is a Kentucky landmark designed by J. R. Neff. On a Sunday in August 1873, the bell in the tower first summoned parishioners to Morning Prayer.</p><br>
<p>The cost of construction rose from $19,452 to over $33,000; the church was consecrated in 1888. Although the congregation continued to grow (by 1894 it was the largest parish in the Diocese), the vestry struggled with debt well into the twentieth century. The church and its people have weathered natural disasters of every magnitude, including an earthquake in 1880, the record-breaking Ohio River floods of 1884 and 1937, and the tornadoes of 1915 and 1986.</p><br>
<p>Here worshipped Gen. James Taylor Jr., War of 1812; Henry Stanbery, who defended President Andrew Johnson at his impeachment trial, 1868; Brent Spence, 37 years in the United States Congress, a lifetime member.</p><br>
<p>Today, St. Paul&#39;s has an active congregation. The Very Reverend S. Matthew Young, SCP serves as Rector. He is also the Dean of the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr at the Cathedral Domain in the Diocese of Lexington. He also serves as the Chaplain for the Newport Fire/EMS Department, Newport Police Department, and Fire Department Bellevue/Dayton.</p><br>
<p>The congregation has now regained parish status in the Episcopal Church. In addition, St. Pauls operates the St. Pauls Food Pantry in Newport serving hundreds of households monthly. Holy Eucharist is celebrated at St. Paul&#39;s at 8:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. and holy days as announced.</p><br>
<p>Gallier Hall is a historic building on St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the former New Orleans city hall, and continues in civic use. Built 1845–1853, it is a nationally significant example of Greek Revival architecture, and one of the finest works of architect James Gallier. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Gallier Hall is located on St. Charles Avenue at Lafayette Square in the Central Business District. The building was originally designed to be the city hall of New Orleans by the architect, James Gallier Sr. Construction began in 1845, and the building was dedicated on 10 May 1853. Gallier Hall is a three-story marble structure fronted by two rows of fluted Ionic columns in the Neoclassical style. It is one of the most important structures built during the antebellum period of the city.</p><br>
<p>After its dedication in 1853, Gallier Hall remained the city hall for just over a century. Many important events during the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the era of Louisiana governor Huey Long took place at Gallier Hall.</p><br>
<p>After the City Hall was moved to the modern complex at Duncan Plaza in the 1950s, old Gallier Hall nonetheless continued its traditional place of honor during Mardi Gras. Viewing galleries in front of the hall are reserved for Mardi Gras royalty, and parades on the St. Charles route pause in front of them. Marching bands typically perform shows here during the parades. On Mardi Gras Day the mayor of New Orleans toasts the kings of the Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club and Rex Parade here.</p><br>
<p>Gallier Hall is currently a convention center, reception hall, and home of the Ty Tracy Theatre, named for the late artistic director of the New Orleans Recreation Department (NORD) Theatre. The Ty Tracy Theatre is home to Julie Condy&#39;s Crescent City Lights Youth Theatre organization.</p><br>
<p>The building also serves as the venue for special civic functions such as mayoral inaugurations. The remains of particularly distinguished citizens sometimes lie in state here following their death, as a sign of deep citywide respect.</p><br>
<p>The Bayley House is a historic house at 16 Fairmont Avenue in Newtonville, Massachusetts, US. Built in 1883–84, it is a prominent example of Ruskinian Gothic architecture, designed by the noted firm of Peabody and Stearns. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bayley House stands in a residential area roughly midway between the villages of Newtonville and Newton Corner, on the south side of Fairmont Avenue, a short way west of its junction with Centre Street. It is a large -story building, built of brick, freestone, red slate, and wood. It has irregular and asymmetric massing typical of the Queen Anne period, including a tower with steeply pitched pyramidal roof at one corner. Its main gables are adorned with stucco and half-timbering. A single-story porch extends around parts of the building, with balustrades; a porte-cochere provides access to the main entrance via a semicircular drive. The original carriage house, located at the southwest corner of the property, was torn down in the 1930s when that corner of the lot was sold off and a house was built on the site (on Lombard Street). The original lot extended east to Centre Street, three houses were built in the 1920s on those perimeter lots along Centre St, an additional two houses were built on perimeter lots on Lombard St. in the 1930s. The current owners added a freestanding garage in 2018. The landscape design of the property is said to have been done by William Manning, working for Frederick Law Olmsted.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bayley House was designed and built in 1883–84 by the Boston-based architectural firm of Peabody and Stearns, noted for its commercial and residential architecture in the late 19th century. The house was commissioned by James C. Bayley, a Boston shoe merchant who died within months after ground was broken in late 1883. Bayley&#39;s widow, Martha R. Bayley, oversaw the completion of the house, but she and her young children never moved in.</p><br>
<p>The first occupants of the house were the family of Cyrus Anderson, who lived there from 1884 to 1897. Subsequent owners were the Luther Adams family (wife Lizzie), from 1897 through approximately 1901. Adams was a wine merchant in Boston. Also residing with them were daughters Fanny M. and Mabel Adams. Luther Adams died in 1901 at age 68. The house was occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Edgar P. Van Etten (President, Boston and Albany Railroad) in 1903.</p><br>
<p>From approximately 1905 to approximately 1919, the home was owned by the Charles H. Breck family who formerly lived at 62 Bellevue Street in Newton. Breck was in the agricultural tools business at 51 North Market in Boston, known as Joseph Breck & Company (now called Breck&#39;s, founded by his grandfather Joseph Breck and his father, Charles H.B. Breck). Mrs. Charles H. Breck (Marion A.) was a daughter of Luther Adams. Her sister Fanny also lived here. Other children included Charles H. Breck Jr. and Luther J. Breck.</p><br>
<p>From 1919 to 1925, the home was owned by the John H. OBrien family, OBrien was in the wool business at 619 Atlantic Avenue, Boston; his wife was the former Emma M. Matthews. Their children included Byron H. OBrien and Arnold N. OBrien. (Arnold, a coal dealer, was born in Dorchester in 1906 and married Helen F. Priest in Keene, New Hampshire on June 10, 1933.)</p><br>
<p>On a 1929 map of Newton, the home is owned by Christopher C. Crowell, a well-known developer and builder of homes in Newton. Land at the perimeters of the lot have been subdivided and start to show homes on them (northeast corner lot at Centre and Fairmont, southeast corner lot at Centre and Lombard). The carriage house still shows on the southwest corner of the lot, that piece of land has not yet been subdivided. There is no evidence that Crowell actually lived in the house, but rather that he purchased it from the O&#39;Brien family for development of the land.</p><br>
<p>From 1931 through 1945, the home was used as the Damon Hall Junior College, run by Frank and Annie Damon. The house was lost in foreclosure to the Charlestown Five Cents Savings Bank, the mortgage holder.</p><br>
<p>A private family (John Ronne, an attorney) purchased the home in foreclosure and then lived in the home from 1945 until approximately 1967 when it was sold to R. Lewis Wright and Sarah G. Wright. The Wrights owned the home from 1967 to 1970, when it was sold to the religious order of Stigmatine Fathers, a Catholic religious congregation of priests and brothers. The order also owned the house next door at 36 Fairmont Avenue. The Stigmatine Fathers owned the home until 1984.</p><br>
<p>The house was returned to use as a private residence in 1984, and has been owned by the current residents since 2022.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Morven Park is a 1,000-acre historic estate and horse park in Leesburg, Virginia, United States. Located on the grounds are the Morven Park Mansion, the Winmill Carriage Museum, formal boxwood gardens, miles of hiking and riding trails, and athletic fields. The park is also home to the Museum of Hounds and Hunting of North America with displays of art, artifacts and memorabilia about the sport of foxhunting.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion, once the home of Thomas Swann, Jr., governor of Maryland after the Civil War and Westmoreland Davis, governor of Virginia during World War I, is on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Virginia Historic Landmark. The Westmoreland Davis Memorial Foundation operates Morven Park, which is a 501c3 nonprofit organization supported by contributions from donors.</p><br>
<p>The world-renowned Morven Park International Equestrian Center hosts Olympic equestrians and top-level riders from around the world who come to compete in Horse Trials, Dressage, Hunter/Jumper shows, Pony Club and Carriage Driving events. From 1980 until 2010, Morven Park was the site of the Morven Park Steeplechase Races, one of the most popular race meets in the country.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first structures on the site of Morven Park date to about 1780. A fieldstone house built by Wilson Cary Seldon is now a part of the north wing of the main house, stuccoed over to match the rest of the mansion. Judge Thomas Swann acquired the property around 1800. Around 1830 Swann built the center two-story portion of the house, with flanking pavilions. It is not known whether the pavilions were initially linked to the house, but the renovations included the prominent tetrastyle Greek Revival portico that dominates the front portico. While the brick structure remains, now stuccoed, none of the Swann interiors exist. Judge Swanns son, Thomas Swann Jr., began a remodeling program around 1850, using the Baltimore firm of E.G. Lind and William T. Murdock as architects, converting the Palladian house to the Italianate style with four towers, including one that was five stories tall, stated by The Buildings of Virginia to resemble Queen Victorias Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. The pavilions were by this time linked to the main house. The towers were later removed by Thomas Swann Jr.&#39;s daughter, Mary Mercer Swann Carter, and her husband, Dr. Shirley Carter. They made more changes, raising the height of the hyphens to two stories and reworking the interior.</p><br>
<p>Westmoreland Davis, a New York lawyer, had roots in Virginia and purchased Morven Park in 1903. He and his wife, Marguerite Inman Davis, were avid equestrians, and they quickly became involved in the Virginia fox hunting community. Davis was a founding member of the Loudoun Hunt and served as Master of Foxhounds. He later made Morven Park into an agricultural showpiece, while his wife developed formal boxwood gardens near the house. He served as Virginia&#39;s governor from 1918 to 1922. He and his wife were the last private owners of the estate, which is now run as a nonprofit organization that raises money to keep the park open to the public.</p><br>
<p>From 1967 to 1991, Morven Park was home to the world-renowned Morven Park International Equestrian Institute. The institute was a training center for riding instructors, teaching advanced dressage, 3-day-eventing and show jumping. A number of expert riders trained at Morven Park went on to international equestrian competition. In its day, Morven Park was considered the most prestigious riding school in the United States, and flourished under the direction of Major John Lynch, formerly an instructor at the Army School of Equitation at Weedon, as well as at the English military academies of Sandhurst and Woolrich. He had been coach and trainer to British, Irish and American Olympic teams.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 2017 Morven Park International Equestrian Center began a multimillion-dollar renovation and Polo in the Park was launched.</p><br>
<h2>Programs</h2><br>
<p>With its 1,000 acres of rolling hills and pristine landscapes, Morven Park is considered to be the "Central Park" of rapidly growing Loudoun County, Virginia, the wealthiest county in the United States. Every year, more than 200,000 visitors enjoy a variety of recreational activities, including hiking, museum tours, equestrian events, and field sports. As a nonprofit organization, Morven Park relies on donations from supporters to keep its gates open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>Morven Park is also the home of the Center for Civic Impact, which teaches civic skills that help prepare students in grades K–12 to become engaged citizens. In partnership with Loudoun County Public Schools, this program complements elementary, middle and high school curricula, and expands, invigorates and connects classroom learning to the real world.</p><br>
<p>Hargadine Cemetery is a cemetery in Ashland, Oregon, United States. It was established in 1867.</p><br>
<p>Located on a hill on the north end of the city, the cemetery was named after its first interment, Katie Hargadine, the one-year-old daughter of town pioneer Robert Hargadine. She was buried there on December 8, 1867, and was shortly followed by the burial of another child, Cuyler Farnham, two weeks later.</p><br>
<p>The property was originally owned by James Haworth who deeded one and one-half acres to the two families "for the purpose of a Cemetery or Grave Yard for the burial of the dead and for no other purpose." Many of Ashland&#39;s pioneer families are buried there.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was managed by the Hargadine Cemetery Association established by Robert Hargadine&#39;s widow in the late 19th century until the mid-1930s. Proposals for city management were delayed by the depression and World War II and were not finalized until an act of the Oregon Legislature in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Hargadine is pronounced Här-guh-dïne. The first syllable, "Har" is the same as the word hard. The second syllable is the same as the "gu" sound in gutter. The last syllable is a long I, and is pronounced the same as in to dine out.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Colorado is an 1893 Italianate structure in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, United States, and one of the oldest hotels in Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established by silver magnate and banker Walter Devereux, construction began in 1891 at a cost of $850,000. William A. Boring and Edward Lippincott Tilton of the New York City architecture firm Boring & Tilton designed the building as a replica of the Villa de Medici. Mr. Boring, one of the most prominent American architects of the time, was a member of the National Academy of Design and was notable for designing Ellis Island and numerous buildings along Park Avenue before becoming the dean of Columbia University&#39;s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation."". Local materials used include cream-colored Roman brick and Peach Blow Sandstone; imported items included 12,000 yards of carpet and 2,000 rose bushes. The Hotel Colorado opened on June 10, 1893 to a program including a fireworks display, an orchestra in the ballroom, and dining at midnight for the 300 couples in attendance.</p><br>
<p>The hotel quickly became a popular summer retreat, earning the nickname of "the little White House of the West" after extended visits by Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. The teddy bear is alleged to have been invented during President Roosevelts 1905 visit when the hotels maids presented him with a stuffed bear pieced together with scraps of fine material.</p><br>
<p>On September 16, 1925, live music and speech was broadcast by way of telephone from the hotel&#39;s ballroom to Denver radio station KOA.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, the hotel was leased to the United States Navy for use as a hospital. The USA Naval Convalescent Hospital was commissioned on July 5, 1943 and served over 6,500 patients by the end of 1945. The hospital was decommissioned in 1946.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, a time capsule was buried in the courtyard. It is scheduled to be opened in 2043.</p><br>
<p>The National Trust&#39;s Historic Hotels of America added the Hotel Colorado to its list in April 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Famous visitors</h2><br>
<p>Actor Tom Mix, his wife and several production crew members stayed at the Hotel Colorado during the filming of The Great K & A Train Robbery in summer 1926.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the visits by Presidents Roosevelt and Taft, former President Herbert Hoover addressed a luncheon at the hotel on August 2, 1939.</p><br>
<h3>Ghosts</h3><br>
<p>Several ghosts are believed to reside there, notably a young girl in Victorian clothing seen playing with a ball, a female that peers over sleeping male guests, and a male presence on the fifth floor. The two suites in the bell towers are frequently reported to be haunted. The elevator moving on its own without passengers, strange smells and sounds have also been reported by guests and staff. In September 2006, CCPI Paranormal Investigations visited the hotel and recorded two areas of higher electromagnetic energy, one in the corridor in front of room 325 and the other outside room 551.</p><br>
<p>The screams of a woman are often heard throughout the hotel, believed to be of a chamber maid who was involved in a love triangle, and was murdered by one of her lovers. The room in which the woman was believed to have been murdered was a guestroom, it has now been turned into a storage room, due to the history of paranormal happenings occurring there.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Fort Jesup, also known as Fort Jesup State Historic Site or Fort Jesup or Fort Jesup State Monument, was built in 1822, 22 mi west of Natchitoches, Louisiana, to protect the United States border with New Spain and to return order to the Neutral Strip. Originally named Cantonment Jesup, the fort operated from 1822 until 1846. After the abandonment of the fort in 1846, the United States federal government continued to own the abandoned fort site until the privatization of the site in 1869.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Neutral Strip was created after the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, from which arose a disagreement about the location of the border between the American and Spanish territories. In order to avoid a war, the two countries agreed that the land in contention would remain neutral and free of armed forces from either side. This region stretched from Sabine River to Arroyo Hondo and encompassed the land that now makes up modern Sabine Parish, Louisiana. The Neutral Strip remained devoid of government and law enforcement until the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 finally set the border at the Sabine River.</p><br>
<h3>Zachary Taylor</h3><br>
<p>Colonel (later General) Zachary Taylor—future President of the United States—established Cantonment Jesup in 1822 after Fort Seldon, a temporary headquarters for General Edmund Pendleton Gaines, was too far from the conflict zone of the Sabine River. Taylor quickly subdued the former Neutral Strip, gaining experience and popularity. The surgeon at the cantonment recorded meteorological observations. His forces, known as the Army of Observation, remained in the fort and monitored the Texas territory as it passed from Spanish to Mexican control, and finally broke away as an independent republic. In 1845, General Taylor commanded the US Army of Observation&#39;s excursion into Texas and ignited the Mexican–American War. He would eventually gain popularity from his victories that would propel his political career to the Presidency of the United States of America.</p><br>
<h3>Closure</h3><br>
<p>The United States won the war and gained control of Texas, rendering Fort Jesup unnecessary. Officially evacuated in 1846, the fort thereafter deteriorated. The federal government privatized it in 1869.</p><br>
<h3>State Park</h3><br>
<p>By the 1930s, the only remaining building at Fort Jesup was the kitchen of Enlisted Barracks 4. Residents of the nearby town of Many, Louisiana raised money to restore the building and turned the area into a park.</p><br>
<p>The site was acquired by the Louisiana Office of State Parks in 1956, and in 1961, the fort was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Since then, the kitchen has been restored and decorated with historically accurate furniture. An officer&#39;s quarters building has been reconstructed, and now serves as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The fort site is located on Louisiana Highway 6, seven miles (11 km) northeast of Many.</p><br>
<p>Barnes Creek is a navigable stream located in the village of Pleasant Prairie in southeastern Kenosha County, Wisconsin, United States. It flows near Wisconsin Highway 165 and crosses beneath Wisconsin Highway 32  which flows eastward through Carol Beach into Lake Michigan. The stream&#39;s length is 3.7 mi.</p><br>
<h2>Barnes Creek Site</h2><br>
<p>The Barnes Creek area is of high archaeological interest and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the location of prehistoric American Indian settlements dating to the mid-Woodland periods of 200 to 1400 AD.</p><br>
<p>The United Church, Chapel on the Hill in Oak Ridge, Tennessee was the city&#39;s main church during World War II. Dedicated on September 30, 1943, and completed late in October 1943, it was originally a multi-denominational chapel shared by Catholic, Protestant and Jewish congregations.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural design</h2><br>
<p>The building design is a USA Army Corps of Engineers 700-series USA Army chapel. It is a frame building built on a three-bay rectangular plan with a steepled bell tower and a gable entry porch. It was one of three Army chapels built using the same design in Oak Ridge during World War II. One of the other two chapels, the West Chapel in the city&#39;s West Village area, was later torn down, but the East Chapel in the East Village is still in use.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The USA Army built the chapel to house religious activities, as one of numerous community facilities in the "townsite" area of Oak Ridge. The building was dedicated on September 30, 1943, in a ceremony that included prayers and talks by a Jewish rabbi, a Catholic priest, an Episcopal priest, a Baptist minister, and the minister who was serving the United Church congregation that eventually came to own the chapel. Its name, "The Chapel on the Hill," comes from a reference in a prayer by the Knoxville Baptist minister who participated in the dedication.</p><br>
<p>The United Church congregation that is housed in the Chapel on the Hill traces its history to July 18, 1943, when some 25 to 30 Christians of diverse denominational backgrounds gathered for Sunday worship in Oak Ridge&#39;s main cafeteria. Subsequently, several members of the group made plans to establish an interdenominational Protestant church, led by laypersons, to include all denominations. A Presbyterian minister working in Knoxville was engaged to conduct weekly services, and about 150 people representing 13 Protestant denominations became charter members of "the United Church". Governing boards of laypersons elected to lead the new congregation took up their duties on October 24, 1943.</p><br>
<p>When the Chapel-on-the-Hill was completed that same month, the United Church and the local Roman Catholic Church were given control of the building, as the only two churches then officially operating in the Manhattan Project community. During the war, when Oak Ridge&#39;s Manhattan Project facilities were operating around the clock, the chapel building was also in use nearly 24 hours a day as a venue for worship services, weddings, and other occasions for local workers of various Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish religious backgrounds.</p><br>
<p>At the peak of wartime activity in Oak Ridge, when the population exceeded 70,000, the United Church employed four ministers and conducted worship services in the Chapel on the Hill, East Village Chapel, and the Jefferson Theater, as well as Sunday school classes in several local schools and a trailer camp. By 1951, the United Church Chapel-on-the-Hill consolidated as a single interdenominational congregation, making its home in the Chapel on the Hill building.</p><br>
<p>The United Church congregation purchased the chapel and 3.72 acre of land from the USA Atomic Energy Commission on May 11, 1955, for a price of $17,116. An adjoining educational building was added in 1956–1957. The facility continues to operate as a nondenominational Protestant church under lay leadership, employing ministers with backgrounds in mainstream Protestant denominations. Since 2007 it has been affiliated with the Center for Progressive Christianity. The church&#39;s motto is "Where People from All Denominations Meet in Their Differences, but Are One in Their Search for God."</p><br>
<p>The Chapel-on-the-Hill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 as a contributing property in the Oak Ridge Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Richard Alsop IV House is a historic house at 301 High Street in Middletown, Connecticut. Completed in 1839, the house is a distinctive example of transitional Greek Revival and Italianate architecture, and is nationally significant for the extremely well-preserved drawings on its interior walls. The site was designated a USA National Historic Landmark on January 16, 2009. The house serves as the Davison Arts Center of Wesleyan University.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to its surroundings</h2><br>
<p>This stately mansion faces east toward the Connecticut River from the west side of High Street opposite the intersection of Court Street. It is set back from the street atop a rise. A high iron fence borders the property along High Street. This house makes an important contribution to the elegance and high style which characterized High Street as the preferred residential area in nineteenth-century Middletown.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Alsop house was built in 1838–1839 by Richard Alsop IV for his twice-widowed mother, Mrs. Maria (Alsop) Dana. The short-lived architectural firm formed by Landra Beach Platt and Francis Benne, who worked together in New Haven under the tutelage of Sidney Mason Stone, is believed responsible for the design. They may have been inspired by Ithiel Towns own house in New Haven. There are similarities between the two structures and Town was formerly credited with design of the Alsop House. (Stones possible contributions have yet to be explored.) The well-known Middletown builders, Barzillai Sage and Isaac W. Baldwin, performed the masonry and carpentry work, respectively. The house remained in the hands of Alsop family until it was acquired in 1948 by Wesleyan University.</p><br>
<p>This house is significant architecturally for its transitional Greek-Tuscan Italianate appearance. The cubical, two-story, central block with overhanging eaves is flanked by colonnaded -story wings. A swag-and-tassel design decorates the frieze of the central block, which also displays a veranda supported by delicate ironwork and surmounted by an intricate balustrade.</p><br>
<p>A rear colonnaded wing, which originally housed servant&#39;s quarters and service facility, has been enclosed. At the west end of this wing are attached an art gallery of recent construction and the art library, originally the stable.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Alsop house is noted for its decorative wall paintings. The stair hall displays trompe-l&#39;œil painting of figures in niches, while the parlors, dining room and morning-room feature oil-on-plaster paintings. The parlor paintings are classically derived and some subjects are Raphaelesque in origin. In the morning room, the formal classicism of the parlors is replaced by scenes derived from the "rural" Italian tradition of wall decoration. Local birds and insects are featured in these scenes. The dining room displays a painted frieze. The paintings are believed to have been executed by German or Italian immigrant artisans. Possible contributors include the noted Italian artist Nicola Monachesi. According to family documentation, the paintings were executed between 1839 and 1860.</p><br>
<p>The main rooms of the house are furnished with period antiques and provide a suitable atmosphere in which to display the wall painting. In its carefully restored condition, the Alsop house remains a monument to the skill of its designers, while serving Wesleyan University and the community as an art center.</p><br>
<p>The Coite–Hubbard House is a historic house at 269 High Street in Middletown, Connecticut, United States. Built in 1856, it is a prominent local example of high-style Italianate architecture. Since 1904, it has served as the official residence of the president of Wesleyan University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house faces east to the Connecticut River from the southwest corner of High Street and Wyllys Avenue. High Street between Church and Washington Streets was the most prestigious residential area in Middletown during the 19th century, and is now a part of the Wesleyan University campus. It is of a symmetrical cube form with a projecting pavilion, prominent porte cochere, and elaborate scrolled brackets beneath the eaves of the roof and cupola. The treatment of the windows is similarly elaborate with heavy flat pediments supported on consoles. There are elaborate crestings in the window pediments of the front facade. The entrance to the house is distinguished by the porte cochere with paired columns and a balustrade.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This house was built in 1856 by Gabriel Coite, on the site of a house formerly owned by gun maker Simeon North. Coite was a partner in his fathers business in Brooklyn, New York, until he retired to Middletown in 1853. In 1860 he was elected State Senator; and in 1862 became treasurer of the State and moved to Hartford. In 1863, the house was acquired by Mrs. Jane Miles Hubbard, widow of Samuel D. Hubbard. Hubbard was co-founder of the Russell Manufacturing Company, builder of the Mansion block, and a Postmaster General. Wesleyan University purchased the property from Mrs. Hubbards heirs in 1904 for use as the President&#39;s residence. Since then Presidents Raymond, Shanklin, Olin, McConaughty (later Governor of Connecticut), Butterfield, Etherington, and Campbell have occupied the house.</p><br>
<p>The large scale of this house, together with its elaborate decorative treatment, makes it one of the most sophisticated examples of its style in Middletown. Its site is at the highest elevation on Main Street, and thereby complements the imposing qualities of the architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Electric Railway Passenger Station is a historic railroad station in Eugene, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1914 as a station for the Oregon Electric Railway and was designed by A. E. Doyle.</p><br>
<p>Passenger service by the Oregon Electric Railway was discontinued in 1933, and the station was used as an office and for storage.</p><br>
<p>Slate Tractor opened an Allis-Chalmers dealership in Eugene on October 22, 1937 with a temporary location on 7th Avenue, moving to the Oregon Electric Station building February 3, 1938. On July 15, 1938, Edward C. (E.C.) Papé purchased the dealership, starting what is now known as The Papé Group, Inc. E.C. operated his dealership at the station for four years before relocating the business to West 1st Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, the station became a branch of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI), the Southwest Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (SWOMSI). After breaking with OMSI in 1978, the Willamette Science and Technology Center (WISTEC) sold the station and gave the proceeds to Lane County to build a children&#39;s museum in Alton Baker Park.</p><br>
<p>Work began to convert the station into a restaurant in 1977. The first restaurant in the space was called "Andy&#39;s Eugene Station".</p><br>
<p>The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as the Oregon Electric Railway Passenger Station, in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Electric Station restaurant operated in the station until permanently closing in 2020. The Portland-based restaurant chain Old Spaghetti Factory opened in the space on January 10, 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Augustus Russell House is a Greek Revival house on the Wesleyan University campus in Middletown, Connecticut, USA. The house, at 318 High Street, faces west from the east side of High Street north of the corner at High and Court Streets. A large wooded lawn extends to the Honors College  property to the north. High Street between Church and Washington Streets was the most prestigious residential area in Middletown during the 19th century. It was later home to the KNK Fraternity of Wesleyan University. The structural system consists of load-bearing masonry with a flat roof, and materials include brick and flushboarding walls and a brownstone foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This house was built in 1841-1842 for Edward A. Russell (1797–1874) on a portion of the Russell family estate. Edward Russell worked in the foreign mercantile trade until he returned to Middletown in 1838. He later served as mayor, state representative and national convention delegate.</p><br>
<p>Edward A. Russell had personal contact with the firm of Town and Davis while supervising the building of the well-known Greek Revival Russell House (1828) for his younger brother, Samuel W. Russell. Thus it is possible that Edward retained the services of this firm when his house was built. Such a possibility is reinforced by early photographs showing the original proportions and decoration. These indicate that the house was a sophisticated and high style example of Greek Revival, and stylistically close to the DeRham Brevoort House (attributed to Davis) in New York City and "Highwood", Henry Whitney&#39;s estate in New Haven (1835–1836) by Town and Davis.</p><br>
<p>Edward Russell&#39;s grand-nephew, Richard L. deZeng (1847–1932), occupied the house until his death in 1932. Wesleyan purchased the property from the administrators of the estate of E.A. Russell and then sold it to Alpha Sigma Delta Alumni Association, Inc. in 1934. At this time the structure was altered for use as a fraternity house.</p><br>
<p>The heavy cornice at the top of the building was lowered to the second floor and windows were placed above the cornice to form a full third floor. Window cornices were removed and new window openings cut in the south facade. The second and third floors were divided into three room suites; however, the first floor remains largely unaltered.</p><br>
<p>This house was the last example of Greek Revival architecture to be built in the prestigious area of High Street.</p><br>
<h2>Current use and condition</h2><br>
<p>The house is currently used for lectures, concerts, and other special events, and is preserved in good condition. See l</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Pledger House is a historic house at 717 Newfield Street in Middletown, Connecticut. Built in 1803, it is one of only five surviving brick Federal style houses in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jacob Pledger House is located in northern Middletown, on the west side of Newfield Street at its junction with La Rosa Lane. It is a -story masonry structure, built out of red brick and covered by a gabled roof with end chimneys. Its main facade is five bays wide, with symmetrically arranged windows and a center entrance. Ground floor windows are topped by brownstone lintels, and the entrance has a half-round transom window. The interior of the house has a number of original architectural features, most notably including its carved wooden staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1803 by Jacob Pledger, on 80 acre of land originally belonging to his father-in-law. Pledger was an English immigrant who worked as an agent for a local brewery. The property was roughly bisected by Newfield Street, and remained in agricultural use until after World War II. Pledger sold the property in 1813 to Samuel Miller, whose descendants kept the property until 1953, when it was sold to the city for development. The city subsequently sold the house with covenants to protect its historic features.</p><br>
<p>The Middletown Alms House is a historic building at 53 Warwick Street in Middletown, Connecticut, constructed in 1813–1814. It was originally used as a poorhouse and is the oldest surviving building built for housing the poor in Connecticut, as well as one of the oldest such in the United States. and One of the largest structures of the Federal period in Middletown, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Town of Middletown built the Alms House in 1814 to house the town&#39;s poor. Many of the people housed there were required to work, either in the Alms House or in a local industrial business.</p><br>
<p>The building at 53 Warwick Street served as a poorhouse until 1853, when the institution was moved to the Middletown Town Farms facility on Silver Street in the town&#39;s South Farms district.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after, the Hubbard and Curtis Hardware Company occupied the building. This company, which manufactured tools, hardware, and wood-burning stoves, had its principal place of commerce on Main Street (359 Main Street) and manufactured its goods in this building. In the early 20th century, Fred I. Hodge, Sr. owned the Middletown Fire Arms and Specialty which manufactured valve wheels and guns. The Middletown Rifle Club had a rifle range in the basement and Hodge also repaired automobiles there. By 1981, C.B. Stone Inc., a home heating oil dealer, had occupied the building since the early 1930s. It is currently used for offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three-and-a-half-story building is constructed in the Federal style and made of brick with Flemish bond and a brownstone foundation with an asphalt shingle roof. The architect and builder are unknown. A graphic depiction on an 1825 map indicates that the building was originally embellished by a segmental arch over the entrance door and a classical cupola. A central, slightly projecting, pavilion is still discernible. The building has a structural system of load-bearing masonry with a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>Located to the north on the premises, facing Warwick Street, is a late-Victorian brick residence. This substantial structure, once owned by Mayor Leo B. Santangelo, displays intricate stickwork on the veranda, and decorative brickwork, and is in relatively original condition. The southeast section of this structure is supported by large brownstone blocks. These blocks are the remains of a jail which was built on the Alms House grounds in 1846. It was a small facility, containing only twelve cells, with the principal jail being in Haddam.</p><br>
<p>This structure, which faces north, sits on a 1.3 acre lot on the south side of residential Warwick Street. It is set back from the road behind two late-19th-century houses. A large oak tree to the west shades it.</p><br>
<p>The Nehemiah Hubbard House is a historic house at the corner of Laurel Grove and Wadsworth Street, Middletown, Connecticut. Built in 1745, it is a center-chimney colonial style house built of clapboard siding and brownstone foundation with wood shingle roof; using a structural system of wood frame, post and beam with gable roof. It was built as a residence which is its current use.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to surroundings</h2><br>
<p>This colonial saltbox house is sited on a large lot at the rural western edge of Middletown. Screened from the front by bushes, trees, and a stone wall, and on the east by a cedar paling fence, the house is very secluded. A two-story gambrel-roofed wing on the west, a two-car garage on the north, and a large nineteenth-century barn south of the house complete the estate.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This house was the home of Nehemiah Hubbard, a prominent banker and merchant of late eighteenth-century Middletown. The land, part of an original 226 acre tract, belonged to the Hubbard family, noted early settlers of the town, for a number of generations. Nehemiah was in the fourth generation of Middletown Hubbards. Although the house was some distance from the commercial section of Middletown, Hubbard used the property as a home and for extensive farming operations. Nehemiah Hubbard was Deputy Quartermaster for Middletown during the American Revolutionary War, and was the first President of the Middletown Bank. The house remained in the Hubbard family through the nineteenth century. Early in the 20th century, it was the home of Thomas McDonough Russell, Sr.</p><br>
<p>This 1744 center-chimney saltbox retains most of its early features, both interior and exterior. The main fireplace with its beehive oven measures over eight feet wide. Much early hardware remains. The two-story gambrel-roofed "kitchen wing" is added, but is sympathetic in style with the original house. The house underwent restoration in 1929 by the Colonel Wadsworth family. It continues to be used as a residence.</p><br>
<p>The Plumb House is a historic house at 872 Westfield Street in Middletown, Connecticut, USA. It was built in 1804 by James Plumb, and is exceptionally well preserved. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The house is built with clapboard sidings, a brownstone foundation and an asphalt shingle roof. It has a wood frame, with post and beam construction and a hip roof. The architect and builder are unknown. Historically and currently it has been a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>James Plumb, a well-to-do farmer in Westfield, built this house in 1804 on land inherited from his father, Samuel Plumb. The house remained in the Plumb-Barry family until 1888; since then it has passed through a succession of owners while retaining its traditional residential usage.</p><br>
<p>This finely-scaled Federal style frame house is of a central hall plan; its exterior displays a symmetrical five-bay facade with hip roof and twin chimneys. A denticulated main cornice and delicate window caps add decorative interest to the facade, while attention is drawn to the entrance by a columned porch with cove ceiling. The possibility exists that the northeast kitchen wing is Samuel Plumbs own dwelling house, built around 1740, and relegated to a minor role as an attached dependency by the subsequent construction of James Plumbs "Mansion House".</p><br>
<p>The large original condition of this house, together with its distinctive appearance and compatible site, makes it a rare and pleasing example of early Federal style architecture in Middletown.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to surroundings</h2><br>
<p>This house faces south from the northeast corner of Westfield and East Streets. Tall shade trees shield the house from the nearby roads. Neighboring structures date from post-World War II development of this formerly rural area.</p><br>
<p>The Russell Company Upper Mill is an historic structure in Middletown, Connecticut, at the junction of Russell Street and East Main Street in South Farms, at the end of East Main Streets commercial and industrial development areas. Built in 1836, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There is a small pond to the south. Small businesses border the street to the north, followed by the buildings of Russell Manufacturing Company, the areas most dominant feature. Russell Street crosses Sumner Brook nearby and ascends to a large residential district to the west. The mill is currently a condo-apartment complex.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This factory was erected by the Russell Manufacturing Company in 1836, and is the oldest surviving textile mill building in the city. It was incorporated in 1834 by Samuel Russell, Samuel Hubbard. In 1841 it was the first site where elastic webbing was produced on power looms. By 1896, it manufactured a wide variety of woven products and was the nations largest manufacturer of suspenders. Approximately 900 workers were employed in the companys seven mills.</p><br>
<p>The original brick structure, identified as the "Webb Mill" on the 1859 Walling map, runs parallel to Sumner Brook. A mill race once flowed through it. The long main factory section has a gabled roof trimmed by a corbeled brick cornice moulding. The exterior has vertical metal supports that reinforce the brick walls. The two mansard roofed ells, added prior to 1874, have a number of gabled dormers. A smokestack and decorative towers that crowned different parts of the roof were removed after 1896.</p><br>
<p>The building, and nearby dam and pond, reflect South Farms early industrial history. The Russell Manufacturing Companys success transformed the area into a thriving city district. Three company factories bordered the brook here in 1850; today, only this structure remains.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Home for Destitute and Aged Women was incorporated by an act of the Connecticut State Assembly on June 22, 1865. For twenty-seven years the home was conducted in an old house on the southwest corner of Court and Pearl Street. in 1892 a large legacy enabled a new home to be erected at the present site at Pearl and Lincoln Streets. Comfortable quarters are provided for fourteen women. Members of the Church of the Holy Trinity played a large part in establishing the endowment; frequently the current rector of that church serves as president of the Board of Trustees.</p><br>
<p>The substantial brick building looks like a carefully designed apartment house, rather than an institution. At three-and-a-half stories tall, the first floor is partly below ground level. A long run of brownstone steps leads to a center entrance door on the second floor level. Two bay window piers flank the front entrance, capped off above the roof line by gable-roofed dormers. Decorative elements such as the wrought iron fence, ivy on the facade, and quoin-like brick projections on all corners add a picturesque quality to the building.</p><br>
<p>The large brick institutional building dominates the area by its mass and corner siting at Pearl and Lincoln Streets in Middletown&#39;s residential North End. It forms a dividing line between large structures to the south towards Washington Street and more modest late Victorian era worker homes to the north.</p><br>
<p>The Corydon Historic District is a national historic district located in Corydon, Indiana, United States. The town of Corydon is also known as Indianas First State Capital and as Historic Corydon. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, but the listing was amended in 1988 to expand the districts geographical boundaries and include additional sites. The district includes numerous historical structures, most notably the Old Capitol , the Old Treasury Building , Governor Hendricks&#39; Headquarters, the Constitution Elm Memorial, the Posey House, the Kintner-McGrain House , and The Kintner House Inn, as well as other residential and commercial sites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Corydon, Indiana, which was platted in 1808, continues to serve as the county seat of government for Harrison County, Indiana. The town served as the second capital of the Indiana Territory from 1813 to 1816, but it is best known for its service as the first capital of Indiana from 1816 to 1825. Some of the most significant structures within the historic district date from this early period of the town&#39;s history, including the Old Capitol, the centerpiece of the district.</p><br>
<p>Corydon became the seat of government for the Indiana Territory when the territorial capital was moved from Vincennes, in Knox County, shortly after the outbreak of the War of 1812. Dennis Pennington, a Harrison County representative and the speaker of the territorial legislatures lower house, helped secure Corydons selection as the capital by pointing out that the Harrison County Courthouse, which the county government planned to build on Corydon&#39;s public square, could be used as an assembly building for the territorial legislature. Pennington was awarded the contract to supervise construction of the courthouse, which became known as the Old Capitol.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its role as the capitol of the Indiana Territory, Corydon served as the site of a constitutional convention to consider statehood for Indiana in 1816. Forty-three delegates convened from June 10 to 29, 1816, to draft Indiana&#39;s first state constitution. Sources disagree on the exact location of the gathering. Because the courthouse was not completed at that time, the delegates met at "the courthouse on the hill," which may have referred to a nearby log home that the territorial government had rented.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana General Assembly met for the first time at Corydon under the new constitution and state government on November 4, 1816, and Indiana was admitted as the nineteenth state in the Union on December 11, 1816. Corydon served as the first state capital of Indiana from 1816 to 1825, when the seat of state government was moved to Indianapolis.</p><br>
<p>When the historic district was first added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, the area encompassed eight sites that existed when Corydon became the capital of Indiana in 1816. These include the Old Capitol building (Harrison County Courthouse), along with the public square surrounding it, Indianas first state office building (also known as the Old Treasury Building), Governor William Hendricks Headquarters, the Constitution Elm, the Posey House, the Westfall House, the Branham home/tavern, and the Kintner-McGrain House (named Cedar Glade).</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the district was extended to Indian Creek in the north and west, east to College Avenue, and south to Little Indian Creek to include additional historic structures. The districts period of significance spans from 1808 to 1929. The districts boundary increase encompassed the eight structures from its early era as a territorial and state capital, as well as commercial and residential buildings constructed after 1825, including a new, three-story county Harrison County Courthouse that was completed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>A historical marker erected on the Harrison County Courthouse lawn denotes the towns surrender to Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgans raiders following the Battle of Corydon on July 9, 1863. The battle site, which is located outside of town, is listed separately on the National Register. The districts courthouse square also includes a memorial to the late Indiana governor Frank OBannon; his father, Robert P. Ocannon; and grandfather, Lew Ocannon, all of whom were prominent in Corydon. Plans for the OBannon memorial on the southwest corner of the courthouse square were announced on May 22, 2007. It includes a lifesize bronze statue of Frank OBannon sitting on a limestone bench and three pillars honoring the O&#39;Bannons. The memorial, which cost $200,000, was dedicated in June 2008. Because of its history as a territorial and state capital, Corydon sees an estimated 30,000 visitors each year.</p><br>
<h2>Notable sites</h2><br>
<h3>Old Capitol</h3><br>
<p>The Old Capitol building, a part of the Corydon Capitol State Historic Site, is administered by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites. The two-story, Federal-style, limestone building served as Indianas first state capitol from 1816 until 1825. The building was primarily used as an assembly building for the territorial and state legislatures, but the county government and district courts occasionally used it when the Indiana General Assembly was not in session. Dennis Pennington, who became the states first speaker of the Indiana Senate after statehood in 1816, supervised its construction.</p><br>
<p>The two-story building is 40 ft square with walls 2.5 ft thick. The exposed exterior of the building is not dressed, using only stones that were cut roughly square. The foundation, dug 3 ft into the ground, is also 2.5 ft thick. The lower level has 15 ft ceilings, flagstone floors, and a barn rail made from hewn timber. The upper floor&#39;s ceiling is 10 ft tall. The original building had a scale and balance on the roof as the symbol of justice, but they were removed in 1833 and replaced with a large bell. The construction cost of original building was approximately $3,000. Two large chimneys that accommodated the four fireplaces installed in both the upper and lower levels were closed up during later renovations. A wood floor covered the original flagstone floor.</p><br>
<p>When Corydon became the state capital of Indiana in 1816, the Old Capitol building served as the seat of state government. The Indiana Supreme Court and the Indiana Senate were located on the upper level; the Indiana House of Representatives met on the first floor. After 1825, when the state capital was moved to Indianapolis, the Old Captol building continued to be used as the Harrison County Courthouse and county government office building until 1929, when a new county courthouse was completed.</p><br>
<p>In 1917, the State of Indiana purchased the Old Capitol building with the intention of preserving it. The restored building opened in 1929 and has since been preserved and protected as a memorial. The Old Capitol, sometimes referred to as the Corydon Capitol, was included within the original boundaries of the Corydon Historic District when it was listed on the National Register in 1973. The building has been restored as closely as possible to its original appearance, including furniture and paint colors. In 2015, a major restoration project was completed on the town square to protect the Old Capitol building from water damage, to update the electrical system and landscaping, and to install new walkways.</p><br>
<h3>First state office building</h3><br>
<p>The first state office building, which dates from 1817, is also known as the Old Treasury Building. It housed state government offices, including the first state auditors and treasurers offices. The building was included in the initial historic district designation. It is located on Walnut Street, east of the Governors Hendricks Headquarters. The Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites Corporation began a major rehabilitation of this building in 2008.</p><br>
<h3>Governor Hendricks&#39;s Headquarters</h3><br>
<p>Governor Hendrickss Headquarters is also part of the Corydon Capitol State Historic Site. Davis Floyd, a former treasurer and auditor of the Indiana Territory and a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1816, built the residence in 1817, when he was an Indiana state legislator. After Floyd lost the home during the financial Panic of 1819, the state government purchased it to house the Indianas governor. It opened as a state historic site in 1979.</p><br>
<p>William Hendricks occupied the building from 1822 to 1825, when he was governor of Indiana. Hendricks was Indiana&#39;s first state representative to USA House of Representatives in 1816 and later served in the USA Senate. William A. Porter, a lawyer, judge, and politician, purchased the building in 1841. Judge Porter served in the Indiana legislature was speaker of Indiana House in 1847–48.</p><br>
<h3>Constitution Elm Memorial</h3><br>
<p>The Constitution Elm commemorates the first state constitutional convention that was held from June 10 to 29, 1816, when forty-three delegates convened at Corydon to discuss statehood for the territory and draft a state constitution for Indiana. The cramped conditions of the log cabin in which the constitution convention was held, along with the summer heat, caused the delegates to gather outdoors under the branches of a nearby elm tree, which was later memorialized as the Constitution Elm. It has been estimated that the giant elm was 50 ft tall with a trunk that measured 5 ft across and branches that spread more than 132 ft. Dutch elm disease destroyed the tree in 1925; however, the trunk has been preserved. It is protected by a sandstone memorial.</p><br>
<h3>Posey House</h3><br>
<p>The Posey home was included in the district&#39;s original National Register designation in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the two-story brick home was built between 1817 and 1818. It was constructed in three stages: the main house; a wing used as offices, a store, and a cabinet shop; and a two-story ell at the rear of the home that housed a dining room, kitchen, pantry, smokehouse, and woodshed. Servant quarters were located on the ell&#39;s second floor. The rear of the property included woods and a spring, as well as several outbuildings. A portion of the home was later demolished.</p><br>
<p>The property passed through several owners until the Daughters of the American Revolution acquired it in 1925</p><br>
<p>and operated it as a local history museum through 1999. The Posey home was acquired by the State of Indiana in 2000, but it remained vacant until it was donated to the Historical Society of Harrison County in 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Westfall House</h3><br>
<p>The Westfall House, a log cabin located near the Constitution Elm, is the oldest extant building in Corydon. The home is privately owned and not open to the public.</p><br>
<h3>Branham home/tavern</h3><br>
<p>William Branham began operating a tavern on the site in 1809 in a structure originally built in 1800.</p><br>
<h3>Kintner-McGrain House</h3><br>
<p>Originally known as Cedar Glade, the Kintner-McGrain House was the home of Jacob Kintner, who built the Greek Revival-style residence in 1808 near Indian Creek. Kintner&#39;s heirs sold the property in 1849 to Thomas McGrain Sr.</p><br>
<h3>Kintner House Hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Kintner House Hotel, completed in 1873, originally had twenty-six rooms for guests on its upper floor. It was converted to apartments in the early twentieth century and was used for other commercial purposes until it was renovated into a bed and breakfast inn in 1986–87. The property, which is located within the district, was listed separately on the National Register in 1987.</p><br>
<h3>Harrison County Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The three-story county Harrison County Courthouse, which is located next to the Old Capitol, was completed in 1929.</p><br>
<h3>Grand Masonic Lodge</h3><br>
<p>The Grand Masonic Lodge first organized in 1817 under the Grand Lodge of Kentucky; the Grand Lodge of Indiana organized in Madison in 1818. It is the oldest Masonic Lodge building in Indiana. Its founding members included State Senator Dennis Pennington; Indiana first governor Jonathan Jennings; State Representative Davis Floyd, and USA Congressman William Hendricks, among others. The present-day lodge building on Elm Street was erected in 1926. It is still used by Masons and the Order of the Eastern Star.</p><br>
<h3>Leora Brown School</h3><br>
<p>Construction on the school, which was originally known as the Corydon Colored School, began in 1891. It served as a primary and secondary school for the communitys black students. The first graduation of high school students from the school occurred on May 14, 1897. In 1949, the Indiana General Assembly passed an act to desegregate Indianas public schools by 1954. The Corydon Colored School closed in 1950, when the Corydon public schools were racially integrated, beginning in the 1950–51 school year. In 1987, the school was renamed for Leora Brown Farrow, the school&#39;s longest serving-teacher, who taught at school from 1924 until 1950.</p><br>
<p>The school is located at the corner of Summit and Hill Streets, a block east of the districts amended boundary line that was established as part of the National Register listing in 1989. Although the school was added to Indianas Register of Historic Places in 1992 and is recognized with a state historical marker, it is not listed as a separate property in the National Register as of 2016. The building was converted to a cultural center in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Kintner–Withers House, also known as Cedar Farm, is on the National Register of Historic Places, south of Laconia, Indiana, along the Ohio River in Boone Township, Harrison County, Indiana. Jacob Kintner, aided by his wife Elizabeth, built the structure in 1837. It is one of only 2 "antebellum plantation-style" complexes known to remain in Indiana, comprised originally on 600 acre of land . It is believed that Kintner was inspired to build this after sailing on the Mississippi River to New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>Besides the Classic-Revival mail house with four front and two rear Roman Doric columns 2&#39;9" in diameter, the property also has barns for livestock and tobacco, a cookhouse, icehouse, underground milkhouse, schoolhouse (built 1850), and tenant housing for sharecroppers. There were two landings onto the Ohio River.</p><br>
<p>The Ohio River flood of 1937 reached the ceiling of the ground floor. The next highest flood of the area, in 1997, came within 30 ft of the building.</p><br>
<p>Preservationists William and Gayle Cook bought the farm from Kintner&#39;s descendants in 1984 after the last full-time resident of the house, Julia Kintner Withers, the granddaughter of Jacob Kintner, died in 1980 at the age of 92. Later that year they hired Pritchett Brothers Inc. of Bedford, Indiana to begin restoration of the farm. The house is painted light yellow with white trim and green shutters based on an 1898 painting by Indianapolis Artist William Forsyth. In 2003 the smokehouse was rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Russell House is a neoclassical house at 350 High Street in Middletown, Connecticut, built in 1828 to a design by architect Ithiel Town. Many architectural historians consider it to be one of the finest Greek Revival mansions in the northeastern United States. Town&#39;s client was Samuel Russell , the founder of Russell & Company, the largest and most important American firm to do business in the China trade in the 19th century, and whose fortunes were primarily based on smuggling illegal and addictive opium into China.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2001. It has been owned by Wesleyan University since 1937 and now houses the Department of Philosophy.</p><br>
<h2>Description and significance</h2><br>
<p>This building was erected in 1828 for Samuel Russell (1789–1862). Russell founded the trading firm of Russell & Company in Canton, China, after serving there as trading representative of the Providence, Rhode Island firm of Edward Carrington & Company. Between 1818 and 1831 Russell made his fortune in the illegal yet highly profitable importation of Turkish and Bengal opium into the port of Canton, and the exportation of fine teas and silks from there to Europe and the United States. In 1828 when his house was built, Russell was in Canton. His friend Samuel D. Hubbard worked with his wife, Mrs. Russell, to supervise the construction of the house. In 1831 Russell returned to Middletown and his new home, where he resided until his death in 1862.</p><br>
<p>The Russell House was designed by Ithiel Town, one of the period&#39;s foremost architects and major proponent of the Greek Revival style in America. David Hoadley (of Curtis and Hoadley), a prominent New Haven builder-architect, supervised the construction. The house has the form of a Greek temple with six full-height Corinthian columns supporting a heavy entablature and low flushboarded pediment. The front (west) wall has five bays with recessed panels between the first and second story windows except in the center bay, where pilasters support a high entablature over the double entrance door. This doorway is surrounded by side and overlights whose frames are decorated with fretwork. The windows on the two-bay side facades are separated vertically by panels like those on the front. Stucco scribed to resemble large-block ashlar covers the brick masonry walls. The house has a brownstone foundation supported by load-bearing masonry walls and a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>An antemion decorative motif is used on the portico column capitals, front corner pilasters, and in the attic window screen covers. The heavy entablature has three bands in the architrave; a band of foliated molding under the plain frieze; and a denticulated cornice defined by a bead and reel molding and an elaborate crown molding. Around 1855 the rear portico was enclosed and is now divided by six pilasters (originally square pillars) into five bays of windows with small protruding balconies in the end bays. A two-story north wing, added around 1855, is attributed to Alexander Jackson Davis, a former partner of Ithiel Town. Although not consistent with the symmetry of the whole, it is treated sympathetically through the use of identical pilasters and entablature.</p><br>
<p>The Russell estate occupied all of the block bounded by High, Court, Pearl and Washington streets. Extensive grounds behind Russell House, sloping down to Pearl Street, were planted with formal gardens, which included boxwood imported from England and plants brought from China by Samuel Russell. A double stair of intricate ironwork was added to the rear of the house at the time the portico was enclosed. It leads from the first floor down to the garden lawn.</p><br>
<p>The interior is divided by a spacious center hall with two rooms on either side. A stairway with landing is at the end of the hall. The four chimney stacks are placed in the outside wall of each of the rooms off the hall. The south parlors communicate through a set of folding doors, while the original north rooms have been opened up to provide a single large space.</p><br>
<p>Close attention to detail characterizes the decorative treatment throughout the interior. Trompe-l&#39;œil wall paintings simulate panelling on the walls of the north main rooms, entrance hall, and stairwell. Similarly elaborate decoration is seen in the marble fireplaces, with Ionic columns supporting the mantelpieces, and in the recessed panelling of the doors and folding window shutters. A wide frieze and deep cornice of decorative plaster define the high ceilings of the interior.</p><br>
<p>The Russell House represents a significant stage in the development of Greek Revival architecture in America. In his work Town and Davis, Architects, Roger Hale Newton mentions the Russell House as "indicative of the hand of Town in its undeniable sophistication." Professor Talbot Hamlin places its design "in the richest Greek vein" and also states that "its Corinthian columns and open plan are urban and magnificent rather than in the simple old tradition." Newton elaborates on the latter point when he says that the communicating suite of parlors with their grand scale "may have reflected an urban development quite contrary... to the prevailing modern provincial places."</p><br>
<p>The Russell House demonstrates an early attempt by Ithiel Town to match the sophisticated design of an imposing Greek temple form with a compatible interior plan suited to living and entertaining on a grand scale. This plan was used in Town and Davis&#39; later work in New York. Its successful application to the temple form provided a basis for vernacular interpretations of the Greek Revival style, which dominated residential construction until the advent of picturesque architecture.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the Russell House in 1828 established a standard of luxury and elegance for the residential architecture on High Street during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Although many other imposing homes were built in this area of Middletown, the Russell House was never surpassed in sophistication and grandeur. It stands as a monument to the personal qualities of Samuel Russell and to the exciting era of the China trade, when Russell carried Middletown&#39;s mercantile tradition to its greatest heights.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The mansion faces west from the southeast corner of High and Washington Streets. The large scale of execution and the imposing qualities of the architecture enable this building to dominate the surrounding area. High Street during the 19th and early 20th centuries was the most prestigious residential area in Middletown. It is now part of the campus of Wesleyan University.</p><br>
<h2>Current use and condition</h2><br>
<p>After the Russell family retained the house for five generations, in 1937 Thomas Macdonough Russell, Jr. deeded it to Wesleyan University. The building was used as Honors College until 1996. The building is currently used as a special events facility and as the home of the University&#39;s Philosophy department.</p><br>
<p>The Highland Historic District is a USA historic district in Middletown, Connecticut. Centered at the junction of Atkins Street and Country Club Road, the district encompasses a collection of well-preserved 18th and 19th-century architecture, including some of Middletown&#39;s oldest surviving buildings. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The district is an irregular shape that includes, or fronts onto, portions of Atkins Street, Country Club Road, Sawmill Road, and Bell Road.</p><br>
<p>The Highland area was settled in the early 18th century by members of the Warner, Wilcox, and Bacon families. The wide spacing of the older houses in the district is typical of building patterns in rural Middletown at the time. Although most farming families engaged in trades and crafts in addition to agriculture, those of the Wilcox family are particularly significant. They became involved in the manufacture of tinware, which later generations brought to the nearby city of Meriden, which became a leading manufacturing center for silverware.</p><br>
<p>The Sanseer Mill is a historic 19th-century mill at 282 Main Street Extension in Middletown, Connecticut. It was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to surroundings</h2><br>
<p>This large brick structure is one of three industrial buildings that share a secluded, well-kept site in South Farms district. Separated from Main Street Extension by trees and undergrowth, the landscaped grounds are behind a row of East Main Street buildings. This, the largest structure, adjoins a brick building south; nearby to the east is a large barn-like structure.</p><br>
<p>Since redeveloped during the 1980s, the address of the complex is 282 Main Street Extension. The previous entrance to East Main Street still exists as an exit.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This large brick building was constructed probably a short time after the Russell Manufacturing Company obtained the property in 1884. The site, formerly developed by the Sanseer Manufacturing Company, includes a brick building which had been that companys main shop, built in 1845. The Russell Manufacturing Company, established in 1834, produced a great variety of cotton and elastic woven goods. By 1894, it was the nations largest manufacturer of suspenders, employing 900 workers in the companys seven groups of mills. This mill, powered by steam, probably housed weaving looms as did the other two buildings nearby. These structures formed the companys Sanseer Mill complex. In 1937, Philip Bliss purchased the property, which primarily used the property for office and storage space for the P&H Bliss Company.</p><br>
<p>The structure has two dominant vertical elements: a four-story stairwell extends from the middle of one side and a tall rectangular stack stands close by. The main entrance displays a small wooden portico. Its columns and plain entablature, painted white, contrast with the building&#39;s brick walls.</p><br>
<p>This structure, one of the least altered early mills in the area, reflect the substantial development South Farms underwent following the American Civil War. During the late 19th century, the district experienced marked industrial and residential growth, primarily influenced by the success of the Russell Manufacturing Company.</p><br>
<h2>Current Use and Condition</h2><br>
<p>The Sanseer Mill was redeveloped into modern office space in the early 1980s. During the 1990s to 2003, the building was owned by Whitney Garlinghouse, owner of The Garlinghouse Company, an architectural house plan company, which housed its offices in the complex. The old buildings were maintained in original condition at great expense. The property was purchased by Dinar Chaudhury in 2006.</p><br>
<p>As of 2011, the complex is partially occupied by numerous tenants, including John Conroy, DMD of Conroy Orthodontics, Anthony Onofrio, DMD and Pamela Moore, DMD of Middlesex Dental Associates, Roger Lane, DC of the Middletown Chiropractic Center, Jeffrey Palmer, OD and Dorothy Robison Collins, OD of the Palmer Eyecare Center, New England Residential Services, RaMa Luna Yoga Studio, and New England Geosystems, LLC (GIS consultants). In 2021, Life Finishing School replaced RaMa Luna Yoga Studio on the third floor of building C. In 2023 the Pieper Veterinary Group moved into two of units.</p><br>
<p>The Seth Wetmore House is a residence built in the Center-Hall Colonial style in 1746 at 1066 Washington Street, Middletown, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>It was built of Clapboard siding, Brownstone foundation with asphalt shingle roof using a structural system of wood frame, post and beam with gable roof. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>This center-hall Colonial house faces east from the northwest corner of Washington Street Extension and Camp Street. From this site on the east slope of a ridge it commands a long view east. Although Washington Street Extension passes close by on the southwest, the house is obscured from view by thickly planted trees.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Judge Seth Wetmore (1700–1788) built this house in 1746. Judge Wetmore served as deputy to the General Assembly for forty-eight terms, and was Judge of the County Court at Hartford. No doubt one of the great local mansions of its day, it remains Middletown&#39;s best example of high style Georgian architecture. the interior is of exceptional sophistication in its appointments; the northeast parlor alone is justly famous for the high quality of its decoration. It displays in original condition a corner shell cupboard with sun-burst decoration; marbleized fluted pilasters at either side of the fireplace opening, and fine overmantel painting. The woodwork in this room is in its original condition and excellently preserved.</p><br>
<p>Although the builder of this house is unknown, it is evident that he was a master joiner. A house recorded in a Colonial Dames monograph (William Cooper House, destroyed 1930d) bears such marked similarities to this house that it is likely they were built by the same man.</p><br>
<p>This house remained in the Wetmore family for over two hundred years, and there are many traditions concerning the house including visits by Jonathan Edwards, Timothy Dwight IV, Aaron Burr and General Lafayette. A large hemlock on the property is said to have been planted by Judge Wetmore&#39;s daughter Lucy.</p><br>
<p>The Judge Seth Wetmore House is significant for its long association with the Wetmore family and as Middletown&#39;s finest example of Georgian Colonial architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Public Square Historic District is a historic district that serves as an open mall in the center of Watertown, New York, containing 58 buildings, one contributing site, and three contributing objects. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The square is rectangular in shape. Buildings line all four sides of the square, while a large oval park sits in its center. A one-way traffic pattern circles the park. Seven of Watertown&#39;s main streets (including USA Route 11, New York State Route 3, New York State Route 12, and New York State Route 283) intersect at the square, making it a heavy traffic destination for motorists.</p><br>
<p>While the square boasts some modern architecture, its main character is defined by the numerous 19th- and early 20th-century buildings that still stand. Throughout its buildings, the square is host to a multitude of shops, restaurants, business offices, churches and apartment houses, making it a major shopping and business destination in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Watertowns first settlers built their homesteads on what is now the squares West End in 1800. In 1805, several settlers donated land for public use which became the basis of the square. This helped to develop the square as Watertown&#39;s main business district. The current layout of the square and its surrounding streets developed in those early years.</p><br>
<p>On May 13, 1849, a fire started inside the American Hotel, killing one. Most of Public Square and buildings on three adjacent streets were destroyed. The fire destroyed nearly all of the business portion of the city, including three banks, post office, three printing offices, two hotels, and thirty stores. The square was immediately rebuilt for $250,000 (Now $). Several buildings erected during the rebuilding still stand. In the rebuilding of the 1850s, the city created three parks at the squares center, with a fountain inside the center park. During Watertowns industrial boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Public Square became the heart of Watertowns retail, business and social life. In the 1950s, the three parks in the squares center were combined into one large park.</p><br>
<p>The Soldiers and Sailors Monument was added in 1891.The squares retail and business dominance started declining in the latter half of the 20th century. Urban renewal policies during the 1960s and 1970s resulted in the demolition of some of the squares historic structures. Declining industry hurt Watertowns once prospering economy. Although nearby the Fort Drum military reservation expanded in the 1980s and brought growth to the Watertown, modern shopping malls and retail chains built on the citys west side drew business away from the square. Public Squares days as the citys main retail destination were at an end. The square continued its slow decline over the next 20 years.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The beginning of the 21st century saw a reversal in attitudes towards Public Square. With a resurgence of pride in the square and its role in Watertowns history, civic and business leaders have taken a strong role in its redevelopment. Existing buildings were refurbished and new businesses moved in. Some decaying structures beyond repair were demolished. In 2006, the new economic development was coupled with a multimillion-dollar streetscape project to reinforce the squares infrastructure, as well as beautify its roads, walkways and landscaping. This project was completed in November, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Public Square notables</h2><br>
<p>Public Square has been the site of many notable people, buildings and inventions.</p><br>
<p>Noted sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens designed the monument to New York Governor Roswell P. Flower in 1902. It is the visual focal point of lower Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>Public Square is home to the Paddock Arcade. Built in 1850, the Arcade boasts to be the oldest continuously operating covered mall in the United States. It is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Abolitionist Frederick Douglass spoke at Washington Hall and was a guest at the squares renowned Woodruff Hotel in the 1850s. He is noted for insisting on using the front entrance and eating in the hotels public dining room. Worried about local prejudices, the hotel managers had wanted him to use a rear entrance and stay away from the public areas.</p><br>
<p>Frank Winfield Woolworth worked as a clerk in Smith and Moore&#39;s department store on Public Square in the 1870s. He came up with the idea to set up a table of discount merchandise and fix the price of the items at five and ten cents apiece. So successful were the sales that he was inspired to start his own store based on the same idea. He opened his first store in Utica, NY, starting the Woolworths chain of department stores.</p><br>
<p>Julius Sämann invented the Little Trees car air freshener in the Electric Building on Public Square in the 1950s. These car air fresheners resemble small pine trees and hang from an automobile&#39;s rearview mirror, and are known worldwide. Car Freshner Corporation maintains its corporate headquarters and a manufacturing plant in Watertown, while it has expanded to include factories in several other cities around the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Kintner House Hotel is a historic bed & breakfast, in the Corydon Historic District in Corydon, Indiana. The present building was built in 1873, and is a -story, Italianate style brick building. The original Kintner House, two blocks away, was where John Hunt Morgan learned that Robert E. Lee lost at the Battle of Gettysburg. The Kintner House remained a hotel until 1920 and was used as offices until 1986. It was extensively restored and opened as a bed and breakfast in 1987.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
